Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument is erected in Fort Greene Park, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, consisting of a 100-foot-wide granite staircase and a central Doric column 149 feet in height. It was designed by renowned architect Stanford White (1853–1906). The monument marks the site of a crypt for more than 11,500 prisoners of war who died in captivity, known as the prison ship martyrs. One ship was the HMS Jersey.
[edit] Background
In the spring of 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, American Major General Nathanael Greene supervised the construction of Fort Putnam on high ground that is now part of the park. During the Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the entire war, the Continental Army abandoned the fort and retreated to Manhattan. The British began to hold thousands of captives on prison ships anchored in nearby Wallabout Bay. Over 11,500 men and women imprisoned here over the course of the war died of intentional neglect, and their bodies were hastily buried along the shore, or often simply thrown overboard. For a number of years following, local women collected the remains as they washed up or became exposed from erosion of the shoreline. More Americans died on these rotting ships than on all the battlefields of the American Revolution combined. These brave patriots represented all thirteen colonies and at least thirteen different ethnicities. In 1808 the remains of many prison ship martyrs were buried in a tomb on Jackson Street (now Hudson Avenue), near the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
The Brooklyn fort was renamed for General Greene and rebuilt for the War of 1812. When the threat of war passed, locals enjoyed visiting the grounds of the old fort for recreation and relaxation. The City of Brooklyn (prior to the 1898 consolidation with New York City) designated the site for use as a public park in 1845, and newspaper editor Walt Whitman rallied popular support for the project from the pages of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. In 1847 the legislature approved an act to secure land for Washington Park on the site of the old fort. The improvements were complete by 1850. In 1867 landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, designers of both Central Park and Prospect Park, were engaged to prepare a new design for Washington Park as well as a new crypt for the remains of the prison ship martyrs.
[edit] The Crypts and Monuments
The remains of the prisoners of war were moved to the site in 1873 into the newly created 25 by 11 foot brick vault. Twenty-two boxes, containing a mere fraction of total volume of remains, were interred in the vault. Towards the end of the 19th century, a diverse group of interests including the federal government, municipal and state governments, private societies, and donors, began a campaign for a permanent monument to the prison ship martyrs. In 1905 the renowned architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White was hired to design a new entrance to the crypt and a wide granite stairway leading to a plaza on top of the hill. From its center rose a freestanding Doric column crowned by a bronze lantern. President-elect William Howard Taft attended the monument’s dedication in 1908.
Sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman (1870–1952) created the monument’s bronze pieces -- the large urn or decorative lantern (never functioning) as well as four eagles that were once mounted to the corner granite posts. The eagles were removed to storage after being repeatedly vandalized; two of them are on public display at The Arsenal, the city's Department of Parks and Recreation administrative headquarters on Fifth Avenue at 64th Street in Manhattan. A tablet over the entrance to the tomb, also in storage now, was donated by the Tammany Society, and was originally the cornerstone of the Navy Yard vault. An elevator and stairs for the interior were installed in 1937; both were removed in 1948 after the monument was renovated by the parks department. In 1970 the elevator pit was filled in.
[edit] Sources
This article is adapted from a New York City Department of Parks and Recreation webpage with the text of a marker near the monument.
