Possessive suffix

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In linguistics, a possessive suffix is a suffix attached to a noun to indicate its possessor, much in the manner of possessive adjectives. Possessive suffixes do not exist in all languages; they do exist in some Uralic and Semitic languages. Complicated systems are found in the Uralic languages; for example, the Nenets language has 27 (3×3×3) different forms for expressing the possessor (first, second, third person), the number of possessors (singular, dual, plural) and the number of objects (singular, dual, plural). This allows Nenets speakers to express the phrase "many houses of us two" in one word^[1].

1 Possessive suffixes in various languages
2 Reference

[edit] Possessive suffixes in various languages

[edit] Finnish

Finnish is one language that uses possessive suffixes. The number of possessors and their person can be distinguished for the singular and plural, except for the third person. However, the construction hides the number of possessed objects; käteni may mean either "my hand" or "my hands". For example, the following are the forms of talo (house), declined to show possession:

person	number	Finnish word	English phrase
first-person	singular	taloni	my house(s)
first-person	plural	talomme	our house(s)
second-person	singular	talosi	your (sing.) house(s)
second-person	plural	talonne	your (pl.) house(s)
third-person		talonsa	his/her/their house(s)

The grammatical cases are not affected by the possessive suffix, except for the accusative case (-n or unmarked), which is left unmarked by anything but the possessive suffix. The third-person suffix is used only if the possessor is the subject. For example, Mari maalasi talonsa "Mari painted her house", cf. the use of the genitive case in Toni maalasi Marin talon "Toni painted Mari's house". (The -n on the word talon is the accusative case homophonic to the genitive case.)

For emphasis or clarification, the possessor can be given outside the word as well, using the genitive case. In this case, the possessive suffix remains. For example, my house can be taloni or minun taloni, where minun is the genitive form of the first-person singular pronoun.

Omission of the possessive suffix allows to distinguish the plural for the possessed objects, although this is not considered proper language; e.g. mun käsi "my hand" vs. mun kädet "my hands". Systematic omission of possessive suffixes is found in spoken Finnish, wherever a pronoun in the genitive is used. However, this is found only in direct address, e.g. "Their coats are dry" is Niiden takit on kuivia (niiden lit. "they's"). Contrast this with indirect possession, as in "They took their coats", where the possessive suffix is used: Ne otti takkinsa.

[edit] Hungarian

Hungarian is another Finno-Ugric language, distantly related to Finnish. It follows approximately the same rules as given above for Finnish, except that it has no genitive case. So, to say (for example), "Maria's house," one would say Mária háza (where háza means "her/his/its house").

[edit] Arabic

Arabic, a Semitic language, uses personal suffixes, also classified as enclitic pronouns, for the genitive and accusative cases of the personal pronouns. The genitive and accusative forms are identical, except for the 1st person singular, which is -ī in genitive and -nī in accusative case. They can be used with nouns, expressing possession, with prepositions, which require the genitive case, or with verbs, expressing the object. Examples for personal suffixes expressing possession, using the word بيت bayt(u) (house) as a base:

person	singular	dual	plural
1st person	بيتي baytī my house	-	بيتنا baytunā our house
2nd person (masc.)	بيتك baytuka your house	بيتكما baytukumā your (du.) house	بيتكم baytukum your house
2nd person (fem.)	بيتك baytuki your house	بيتكما baytukumā your (du.) house	بيتكن baytukunna your house
3rd person (masc.)	بيته baytuhū his house	بيتهما baytuhumā their (du.) house	بيتهم baytuhum their house
3rd person (fem.)	بيتها baytuhā her house	بيتهما baytuhumā their (du.) house	بيتهن baytuhunna their house

[edit] Hebrew

In Hebrew, another Semitic language, possessive suffixes are optional; they are more common in formal, archaic, or poetic language, and they are also more common on certain nouns than on others. The following are some different ways to express possession, using the word bayit (house) as a base:

my house: beiti (house-my), ha-bayit sheli (the-house of-me)
your (masc., sing.) house: beitkha (house-your), ha-bayit shelkha (the-house of-you)
Adam's house: beit Adam (house-of Adam), beito shel Adam (house-his of Adam), ha-bayit shel Adam (the-house of Adam)