Politics of Flanders
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This article is about the politics of Flanders.
Flanders is both a community and region within Belgium, and has significant autonomy. Historically, the contemporary Flemish community (or nation as many Flemings see it) grew out of the catholic southern part of the medieval 17 provinces of the Low Countries; those catholics lived in the County of Flanders (except for its southernmost areas), the duchy of Brabant (except for the area around Nivelles) and the nothern part of the bishopric of Liège. Today, the Flemish community has a large political automony. Its institutions include the Flemish Parliament and a Flemish government, both institutions of the region and community, with legislative powers for the matters described by the Belgian constitution. All other powers reside on the federal layer, the Belgian Parliament and Government.
Since 19 July 2004, the minister-president of Flanders has been Yves Leterme (CD&V), leading a coalition of CD&V-N-VA, VLD-Vivant, and SP.A-Spirit.
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[edit] Political system
Flanders is a part of the Belgian federal parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, which itself is part of the European Union. The political system in Flanders has an executive branch, the Flemish government and a representative branch, the Flemish Parliament. The Minister-President of Flanders is the head of government. Flanders has a rather fragmented pluriform multi-party system with none of its political parties exceeding 1/4 of the votes.
Politics is influenced by lobby groups, such as trade unions; mutual health insurrance organizations and business interests in the form of the VOKA, UNIZO and a few other employer's federations.
[edit] Institutional framework
European Union legislation and the Belgian constitution form the major elements of the wider institutional environment. European Union legislation is said to currently define the scope and limits for 40% of new legislation. The belgian constitution established the framework for the autonomy in community and region affairs. The two relevant Flemish parliamentary assemblies then immediately decided that the Flemish Community was to absorb all the competencies of the Flemish Region. Since, the region has no 'distinctive' parliament, nor governement anymore.
EU law, Flemish legislation and the Belgian constitution thus form the primary source of law and the basis of the political system in Flanders.
[edit] Flemish government
Main article: Flemish government.
The executive branch of government consists of a limited number of ministers and a few secretaries of state ("junior" ministers or smaller departments) drawn from the political parties which, in practice, form the government coalition. The ministers are appointed by the Flemish Parliament. The Cabinet is chaired by the Flemish Minister-President. Ministers head executive departments of the government. Ministers must defend their policies and performance in person before the Chamber. The Flemish government must receive and keep the confidence of the Flemish Parliament.
[edit] Provincial and local government
Flanders is divided into 5 provinces plus the local Flemish institutions in Brussels (the 'Vlaamse Gemeenschaps-Commissie' (VGC), and around 300 municipalities. Provincial and local governement is an exclusive competencies of the regions.
The provincial governments are primarily administrative units and are politically weak. A governor is appointed by Flemish governement and approved by the Flemish parliament. One governor presides over each province. He or she is supported by an elected Provincial Council of 47 to 84 members which sits only 4 weeks a year.
Municipal governments, on the other hand, are important political entities with significant powers and a history of independence dating from medieval times. Many national politicians have a political base in a municipality, often doubling as mayor or alderman in their hometowns.
[edit] Electoral system
Several months before an election, each party forms a list of candidates for each district. Parties are allowed to place as many candidates on their "ticket" as there are seats available. The formation of the list is an internal process that varies with each party. The place on the list influences the election of a candidate, but its influence has diminished since the last electoral reform. Individual votes will get priority.
Political campaigns are relatively short, and there are restrictions on the use of billboards. For all of their activities, campaigns included, the political parties have to rely on government subsidies and dues paid by their members. An electoral expenditures law restricts expenditures of political parties during an electoral campaign. Because of the huge public bureaucracy, the high politisation of nominations, and the widely accepted practice that political nominees spend many man-months paid for by all tax-payers for partisan electioneering, this arrangement favors the ruling political parties.
Since no single party holds an absolute majority, the strongest party or party family will usually create a coalition with other parties to form the government.
Voting is compulsory; more than 90% of the population participates. Elections for the Flemish Parliament are normally held every five years. The elections coincide with those for the European Parliament. Elections for municipal and provincial councils are held every six years. The next municipal and provincial elections in 2006 and the next general election will be in 2007, the next community and regional elections are expected in 2009.
[edit] Political parties in Flanders
Flemish political parties are manifold. They operate in the Flemish region and in the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region. Francophone parties operate in Flemish Region only in a few areas bordering the latter. There are no representative parties operating all over Belgium. Flemish politics is dominated by political parties representing the different ideologies that can be found everywhere in Flanders (or more precisely in the Flemish Community). There are no political parties specific for certain sub-regions.
From the creation of the Belgian state in 1830 and throughout most of the 19th century, two unified political parties dominated Belgian politics: the Catholic Party (Church-oriented and conservative) and the Liberal Party (anti-clerical and progressive). In the late 19th century the Socialist Party arose to represent the emerging industrial working class.
These three groups still dominate Belgian politics, but they have evolved substantially in character. In addition, several other parties were founded, notably the Vlaams Belang, a far-right, anti-immigration party and currently the second most important party in Flanders, Volksunie for moderate Flemish nationalists, and Agalev, currently called Groen! for the Greens.
[edit] Catholics/Christian Democrats
After World War II, the Catholic (now Christian Democratic) Party severed its formal ties with the Church. It became a mass party of the center, somewhat like a political party in the United States.
In 1968, the Christian Democratic Party, responding to linguistic tensions in the country, divided into two independent parties: the Parti Social Chrétien (PSC) in French-speaking Belgium and the Christelijke Volkspartij (CVP) in Flanders. The two parties pursue the same basic policies but have wholly separate organizations.
The CVP is the larger of the two, getting more than twice as many votes as the PSC. The chairman of the CD&V currently is Jo Vandeurzen. Following the 1999 general elections, the CVP was ousted from office, bringing an end to a 40-year term on the government benches. In 2001, the CVP changed its name to CD&V (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams).
[edit] Socialists/Social Democrats
The Socialist party, now called SP.a, lost nearly all of its early Marxist ideology. It is now a rather social-democratic, primarily labor-based parties similar to the German Social Democratic Party. The Socialists have been part of several postwar governments and have produced some of the country's most distinguished statesmen.
The Socialists also split along linguistic lines in 1978. Johan Vande Lanotte is the current head of the Flemish Socialist Party. In general, the Flemish Socialists prefer a significantly more modern and well-managed government then their French-speaking counterparts. Those tend to concentrate on power monopoly, protect large state bureaucracies and on domestic issues. In the eighties, the Flemish Socialists focused heavily on international issues, and on security in Europe in particular, where they frequently opposed U.S. policies. However, first with Willy Claes, then Frank Vandenbroucke and with Erik Derycke as Foreign Minister, all three Flemish Socialists, the party made a significant shift to the center adopting less controversial stances on foreign policy issues.
The Flemish Socialists changed their party's name to SP.a (Socialistische Partij anders) in 2002. Since that time, the SP.a works in tight colaboration with Spirit, e.g. forming joint lists and fractions in every assembly or council.
[edit] Liberals
The Liberal Party chiefly appeal to businesspeople, property owners, shopkeepers, and the self-employed, in general. In American terms the Liberals' economic positions would be considered to reflect a moderate conservative ideology.
The ‘Flemish Liberals and Democrats’ (VLD, Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten) who opened up their ranks to Volksunie defectors some years ago, were the largest political force in Flanders during the nineties, but lost more than one third of support after 7 years of liberal control of the post of prime minister by Guy Verhofstadt. The VLD is currently headed by Bart Somers.
[edit] Linguistic parties
A specific phenomenon was the emergence of one-issue parties whose only reason for existence was the defense of the cultural, political, and economic interests of one of the linguistic groups or regions of Belgian society. See Flemish movement.
The most militant Flemish regional party in Parliament in the 1950s and 1960s, the Volksunie (VU), once drew nearly one-quarter of Belgium's Dutch-speaking electorate away from the traditional parties. It was in the forefront of a successful campaign by the country's Flemish population for cultural and political parity with the nation's long dominant French-speaking population. However, in recent elections the party has suffered severe setbacks. In October 2001 the party disintegrated. The left-liberal wing founded Spirit, while the more traditional Flemish nationalist wing continued under the banner Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (NV-A). A year later, a number of prominent Spirit politicians left the party to join the VLD
[edit] Greens
The Flemish (Agalev) ecologist party made its parliamentary breakthrough in 1981. It focussed heavily on environmental issues and was the most consistent critic of U.S. policy. Following significant gains made in the 1999 general elections, the green parties joined a federal coalition cabinet for the first time in their history, but was ousted after the next elections. Agalev subsequently changed its name to Groen!.
[edit] (Far) right / Nationalist
Another one-issue party is the rightwing nationalist "Vlaams Belang" (Flemish Interest), the successor of the Vlaams Blok (Flemish Block) which broke away from the Volksunie in 1976. Originally a mainly Flemish regionalist and republican party, the Vlaams Blok soon concentrated on anti-immigration themes, and was often accused of xenophobia and racism. Party chairperson was MEP Frank Vanhecke, but Filip Dewinter is considered by many to have been the party's real leader. Long dismissed as a "fringe" party by mainstream politicians, the Flemish Block shocked observers when in the 1991 elections it posted respectable scores in much of Flanders, but especially in Antwerp. The party scored even better in later local, regional and federal elections and still seemed to be winning support until November 2004. The party was convicted for racism, and was disbanded. Supporters of the party saw the conviction as a political action and like to point out that the constitution had to be changed to allow the conviction.
A new party, basically the same in organization, membership and party programme, except for anyhting that could be seen as racist, was founded and labeled Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest). As Vlaams Belang shares many ideas of its predecessor, new complaints about racism might be expected.
[edit] Alliances
After the installation of a 5% electoral threshold, with private funding close to forbidden and public funding only for parties with at least one representative in parliament, some of the smaller parties have made alliances with a larger, more traditional party, especially in the Flemish Region. Parties in any alliance remain independent, but they would field candidates on one combined list at elections. In general, the smaller party/parties would be assured of gaining seats, and the larger party would be assured of obtaining a larger overall share of the vote. This was especially true for the CD&V / NV-A alliance, whereby CD&V became the largest party by votes in the Flemish regional elections, so therefore it could initiate coalition talks and the party could appoint the leader of the Flemish regional government. The VLD / Vivant alliance did not perform well in the polls. The proposed SP.a / Spirit / Groen! alliance did not happen, instead the SP.a / Spirit alliance went to the polls.
[edit] The parties
[edit] representative political parties
Following parties have consistent presence in the Flemish parliament, and/or in the Belgian parliaments as representatives for Flemings:
- Christian-Democratic and Flemish (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams) -- part of the cartel CD&V/NVA
- Flemish Interest (Vlaams Belang)
- Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten)
- Green! (Groen!)
- New-Flemish Alliance (Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie) -- part of the cartel CD&V/NVA.
- Spirit (Belgium) -- part of the cartel SP.A-Spirit.
- Socialist Party - Different (Socialistische Partij - Anders) -- part of the cartel SP.A-Spirit.
[edit] Marginal parties in Belgium
There are several more political parties, including a couple of tiny ‘Belgian’ parties. These never attracted more than roughly 1% of votes in Flanders (nor in French-speaking Belgium).
- Belgische Unie/Union Belge (Belgian Union)
- Workers Party of Belgium (Partij van de Arbeid van België/Parti du Travail de Belgique)
- Vivant (for individual freedom and work in a new future)
- Left Socialist Party (Linkse Socialistische Partij)
- Movement for a Socialist Alternative (Mouvement pour une Alternative Socialiste)
[edit] See also
[edit] List of political parties
- Index of political parties to browse parties by name
- List of political parties to browse parties by country
- List of political parties by ideology to browse parties by name
- Membership of internationals to browse parties by membership of internationals
- Politics of Flanders
