Piano Concerto No. 26 (Mozart)
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The Piano Concerto No. 26 in D major, K. 537, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and completed on February 24, 1788. It is generally known as the "Coronation" Concerto.
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[edit] Source of the nickname "Coronation"
The traditional name associated with this work is not Mozart's own, nor was the work written for the occasion for which posterity has named it. Mozart remarks in a letter to his wife in April 1789 that he had just performed this concerto at court. But the nickname "Coronation" is derived from his playing of the work at the time of the coronation of Leopold II as Holy Roman Emperor in October 1790 in Frankfurt am Main. At the same concert, Mozart also played the Piano Concerto No. 19, K. 459. We know this because when Johann Andre of Offenbach published the first editions of both concertos in 1794, he identified them on their title pages as being performed on the occasion of Leopold's coronation. Alan Tyson in his introduction to Dover Publications' facsimile of the autograph score (which today is at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York) comments that "Although K. 459 has at times been called a 'Coronation' concerto, this title has nearly always been applied to K. 537"
[edit] Movements of the concerto
The concerto has the following three movements:
- Allegro
- (Larghetto)
- (Allegretto)
The second and third movements have their tempos given above in parentheses because in the autograph these are not given in Mozart's own handwriting but were written in by someone else. (The Neue Mozart-Ausgabe [NMA V/15/8, ed. Wolfgang Rehm] places the note "Tempobezeichnung im Autograph von fremder Hand" ["Tempo indication in autograph by another hand"] on both movements, though the old Breitkopf & Härtel Complete Works edition does not have any indication that the tempos are not Mozart's own.)
[edit] The unfinished piano part
There is a very unusual feature to this concerto. In addition to omitting the tempos for two of the movements, Mozart also, in Tyson's words, "did not write any notes for the piano's left hand in a great many measures throughout the work." As can be seen in the Dover Publications facsimile, large stretches of the solo part simply have nothing at all for the left hand, including the opening solo (movement 1, measures 81-99) and the whole of the second movement. There is in fact no other Mozart piano concerto of which so much of the solo part was left unfinished by the composer. The 1794 first edition had these gaps filled in, and most Mozart scholars such as Alfred Einstein and Alan Tyson have assumed that the additions were made by the publisher Johann Andre. Einstein is on record as finding Andre's completion somewhat wanting: "For the most part, this version is extremely simple and not too offensive, but at times--for example, in the accompaniment of the Larghetto theme--it is very clumsy, and the whole solo part would gain infinitely by revision and refinement in Mozart's own style."
It should be noted, however, that nearly all of the passages that necessitated filling in for the first edition lack only simple accompanimental patterns such as Alberti bass figures and chords. For example, measures 145-151 of the first movement, which involve more complicated virtuoso passagework, are fully written out in the autograph. For the less complex portions of the solo, it is clear that Mozart "knew perfectly well what he had to play" and so left them incomplete.
The old Breitkopf & Härtel Mozart Complete Works score of this concerto does not make any distinction between what Mozart himself wrote and what Andre (or someone commissioned by him) supplied. However, the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe volume referenced above prints Andre's supplements in smaller type, to clearly distinguish them from Mozart's own notes.
[edit] Critical reception
While this concerto has enjoyed popularity due to its beauty and rococo (or galant) style, it is not generally regarded today to be of the level of quality of the twelve previous Viennese piano concertos or the final concerto in B flat. This amounts to a complete reversal of critical opinion, since K. 537 was once one of Mozart's most celebrated keyboard concertos, especially during the 19th century. In 1935, Friedrich Blume, editor of the Eulenburg edition of this work, called it "the best known and most frequently played" of Mozart's piano concertos. But a decade later, in 1945, Einstein downgraded the concerto in rather strong terms:
- "...It is very Mozartean, while at the same time it does not express the whole or even the half of Mozart. It is, in fact, so 'Mozartesque' that one might say that in it Mozart imitated himself--no difficult task for him. It is both brilliant and amiable, especially in the slow movement; it is very simple, even primitive, in its relation between the solo and the tutti, and so completely easy to understand that even the nineteenth century always grasped it without difficulty...."
Still later (in 1991), and far less opinionatedly, Tyson wrote that, even though the composer's other piano concertos had become "well known and often played," K. 537 "retain[ed] a significant reputation among Mozart's works in the genre." It has also been suggested that this concerto looks forward to the early Romantic era and even beyond in the direction of Rachmaninoff.
Whatever the case, it remains true that the "Coronation" concerto contains some very effective and appealing music to which concert audiences have almost always been receptive.
[edit] References
- ↑ Alan Tyson, "Introduction," in Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26 in D Major ("Coronation"), K. 537--The Autograph Score. (NY: The Pierpont Morgan Library in association with Dover Publications, 1991), pp. vii.
- ↑ See Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, Serie V, Werkgruppe 15, Band 8, ed. Wolfgang Rehm (Baerenreiter-Verlag, Kassel, 1960), pp. 47, 56.
- ↑ Cf. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Piano Concertos Nos. 23-27 in Full Score (NY: Dover Publications, 1978), pp. 211, 216.
- ↑ Tyson, p. viii.
- ↑ See Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26 in D Major ("Coronation"), K. 537--The Autograph Score. (NY: The Pierpont Morgan Library in association with Dover Publications, 1991), pp. 8-11; 57-68.
- ↑ Alfred Einstein, Mozart: His Character, His Work. Trans. Arthur Mendel and Nathan Broder. (London: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 314.
- ↑ Einstein, p. 313.
- ↑ As quoted in Tyson, p. xi.
- ↑ Einstein, p. 313.
- ↑ Tyson, p. ix.
- ↑ Steven Ledbetter, (Program Notes to) "Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26."
[edit] Sources
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, Serie V, Werkgruppe 15, Band 8, ed. Wolfgang Rehm. (Baerenreiter-Verlag, Kassel, 1960; BA 4524). Reprinted in Mozart: The Piano Concertos/Baerenreiter Urtext, ISMN M-006-20470-0, published in 2006. The "Coronation Concerto" can be found on pp. 3-92 (Vol. III, pp. 309*-398* in the reprint edition).
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Piano Concertos Nos. 23-27 in Full Score (NY: Dover Publications, 1978). ISBN 0-486-23600-5. Reprint of the 19th century Breitkopf & Härtel Mozart Complete Works edition of these concertos; the "Coronation Concerto" is on pp. 187-242.
- Alfred Einstein, Mozart: His Character, His Work. Trans. Arthur Mendel and Nathan Broder. (London: Oxford University Press, 1945). ISBN 0-19-500732-8.
- Alan Tyson, "Introduction," in Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26 in D Major ("Coronation"), K. 537--The Autograph Score. (NY: The Pierpont Morgan Library in association with Dover Publications, 1991), pp. vii-xi. ISBN 0-486-26747-4.
- Steven Ledbetter, "Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 26," program notes at Pro Arte's web site.
| Piano Concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
|---|
| Childhood Arrangements: | No. 1 F Major K. 37 | No. 2 B flat Major K. 39 | No. 3 D Major K. 40 | No 4 G Major K. 41 |
| Salzburg Concertos: No. 5 D Major K. 175 | No. 6 B flat Major K. 238 | No. 8 C Major K. 246 | No. 9 E flat Major K. 271 "Jeunehomme" |
| Concertos for Multiple Pianos: No. 7 F Major K. 242 for 3 pianos | No. 10 E flat Major K. 365 for 2 pianos |
| Early Vienna Concertos: No. 11 F Major K. 413 | No. 12 A Major K. 414 | No. 13 C Major K. 415 |
| Major Vienna Concertos: No. 14 E flat Major K. 449 | No. 15 B flat Major K. 450 | No. 16 D Major K. 451 | No. 17 G Major K. 453 | No. 18 B flat Major K. 456 | No. 19 D Major K. 459 | No. 20 D Minor K. 466 | No. 21 C Major K. 467 | No. 22 E flat Major K. 482 | No. 23 A Major K. 488 | No. 24 C Minor K. 492 | No. 25 C Major K. 503 |
| Later Concertos: No. 26 D Major K. 537 "Coronation" | No. 27 B flat Major K. 595 |
