Parliament of Lebanon

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Lebanon

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The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. It is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations. Its major functions are to elect the President of the republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure.

According to its official site, the French name of the Parliament of Lebanon is Assemblée Nationale (National Assembly), and the Arabic name is مجلس النواب Majlis an-Nuwwab (Chamber of Deputies).

Contents 1 Allocation of seats 2 Political parties 3 Electoral system 4 Results 5 Speaker

[edit] Allocation of seats

A unique feature of the Lebanese system is the principle of "confessional distribution": each religious community has an allotted number of deputies in the Parliament. In elections held between 1932 and 1972 (the last till after the Lebanese Civil War), seats were apportioned between Christians and Muslims in a 6:5 ratio, with various denominations of the two faiths allocated representation roughly proportional to their size. By the 1960s, Muslims had become openly dissatisfied with this system, aware that their own higher birthrate and the higher emigration rate among Christians had by this time almost certainly produced a Muslim majority, which the parliamentary distribution did not reflect. Christian politicians were unwilling to abolish or alter the system, however, and it was one of the factors in the 1975-1990 civil war. The Taif Agreement of 1989, which ended the civil war, reapportioned the Parliament to provide for equal representation of Christians and Muslims, with each electing 64 of the 128 deputies.

Although distributed confessionally, all members, regardless of their religious faith, are elected by universal suffrage, forcing politicians to seek support from outside of their own religious communities, unless their co-religionists overwhelmingly dominate their particular constituency.

The changes stipulated by the Taif Agreement are set out in the table below:

Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation

Confession	Before Taif	After Taif
Maronite	30	34
Greek Orthodox	11	14
Greek Catholic	6	8
Armenian Orthodox	4	5
Armenian Catholic	1	1
Protestant	1	1
Other Christians	1	1
Total Christians	54	64
Sunni	20	27
Shi'a	19	27
Druze	6	8
Alawite	0	2
Total Muslims	45	64
Total	99	128

Allocation of seats in the 2005 election for the Parliament of Lebanon (Majlis an-Nuwwab)		Shi'a	Sunni	Druze	Alawite	Maronites	Greek Orthodox	Greek Catholic	Armenian Orthodox	Other Christians
Beirut 19	Beirut 1		2			1	1	1		1 (Protestant)
	Beirut 2	1	2				1		1	1 (minor groups)
	Beirut 3	1	2	1					2	1 (Arm. Catholics)
Bekaa 23	Bekaa+Hermel	6	2			1		1
	Zahlah	1	1			1	1	2	1
	Rashaya+West Bekaa	1	2	1		1	1
Mount Lebanon 35	Jbeil+Kisrawan	1				7
	North Metn					4	2	1	1
	Baabda+Aley	2		3		5	1
	Chouf		2	2		3		1
North Lebanon 28	Akkar, Dinniyeh, Bsharreh		5		1	3	2
	Tripoli, Zgharta, Batrun, Kurah		6		1	6	4
South Lebanon 23	Saida, Tyre	9	2					1
	Hasbaya, Nabatiyeh, Jezzine	5	1	1		2	1	1
Total 128		27	27	8	2	34	14	8	5	3

[edit] Political parties

Main article: List of political parties in Lebanon

Numerous political parties exist in Lebanon. Many parties are little more than ad-hoc electoral lists, formed by negotiation among influential local figures representing the various confessional communities; these lists usually function only for the purpose of the election, and do not form identifiable groupings in the parliament subsequently. Other parties are personality-based, often comprising followers of a present or past political leader or warlord. Few parties are based, in practice, on any particular ideology, although in theory most claim to be. No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the total number of seats in the Parliament, and until 2005 no coalition ever won more than a third of the total. The general election held in 2005, however, resulted in a clear majority (72 seats out of 128) being won by the alliance led by Saad Hariri (son of murdered former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri); half of these were held by Hariri's own Current for the Future.

Additionally, Hezbollah won 14 seats [1].

[edit] Electoral system

Main article: Elections in Lebanon

The system of multi-member constituencies has been criticized over the years by many politicians, who claim that it is easy for the government to gerrymander the boundaries. The Baabda-Aley constituency, established for the 2000 election, is a case in point: the predominantly Druze area of Aley (in the east of Beirut) were combined, in a single constituency, with the predominantly Christian area of Baabda. The same thing happens in the South, meaning that although several seats within the constituency are allocated to Christians, they have to appeal to an electorate which is predominantly Muslim. Many opposition politicians, mostly Christians, have claimed that the constituency boundaries were extensively gerrymandered in the elections of 1992, 1996, and 2000 to produce a pro-Syrian majority. There have also been calls for the creation of a single, country-wide constituency. Unless and until the myriad religious and political factions can agree on an alternative electoral system, the controversy is unlikely to be resolved.

[edit] Results

[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 29 May-20 June 2005 Lebanese National Assembly election results

Alliances	Seats	Parties	Votes	%	Seats
Rafik Hariri Martyr List	72	Current for the Future (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal)			36
		Progressive Socialist Party (Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki)			16
		Lebanese Forces			5
		Qornet Shehwan Gathering Phalangist or Kataeb Party (Hizb al-Kataeb) Independents			6
		Independents (Tripoli Bloc)			3
		Democratic Renewal (Tripoli Bloc)			1
		Democratic Left (Tripoli Bloc)			1
		Independents			4
Resistance and Development Bloc	35	Hope Movement or Amal Movement (Harakat Amal)			15
		Party of God (Hezbollah)			14
		Syrian Social Nationalist Party (al-Hizb al-Qawmi al-souri al ijtima'i)			2
		Others			4
Aoun Alliance	21	Free Patriotic Movement (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr)			14
		Skaff Bloc			5
		Murr Bloc			2
Total					128

Main article: Lebanese general election, 2005

[edit] Speaker

The Speaker of the Parliament, who must be a Shi'a Muslim, is elected to a four-year term. He forms part of a "troika" together with the President (required to be a Maronite Christian) and the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim). The privileges of the Speaker are unusually powerful, relative to other democratic systems; for example, the Speaker is able to veto any legislation passed by a majority of parliament. The current speaker is the leader of the Amal Party, Nabih Berri.