Nel Noddings
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Nel Noddings (1929– ) is an American feminist, educationalist, and philosopher best known for her work in philosophy of education, educational theory, and ethics of care.
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[edit] Biography
Nel Noddings received a bachelors degree in mathematics and physical science from Montclair State College in New Jersey a masters degree in mathematics from Rutgers University and a Ph.D. in education from Stanford University.
Nel Noddings worked in many areas of the education system. She spent twenty-three years as an elementary and high school mathematics teacher and school administrator, before earning her PhD and beginning work as an academic in the fields of philosophy of education, theory of education and ethics, specifically moral education and ethics of care. She became a member of the Stanford faculty in 1977, and was the Jacks Professor of Child Education from 1992 until 1998. While at Stanford University she received awards for teaching excellence in 1981, 1982 and 1997, and was the associate dean or acting dean of the School of Education for four years. After leaving Stanford University, she held positions at Columbia University and Colgate University. She is past president of the Philosophy of Education Society and the John Dewey Society. In 2002-2003 she held the John W. Porter Chair in Urban Education at Eastern Michigan University. She has been Lee L. Jacks Professor of Education, Emerita, at Stanford University since she retired in 1998.
Nel Noddings has 10 children and in 1998 had been married for 48 years. She has described her early educational experiences and her close relationships as key in her development of her philosophical position.
[edit] Contributions to Philosophy
Noddings' first sole-authored book Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984) followed close on the 1982 publication of Carol Gilligan’s seminal work in the ethics of care In a Different Voice. While her work on ethics continued, with the publication of Women and Evil (1989), and later works on moral education, most of her later publications have been on the philosophy of education and educational theory. Her most significant works in these areas have been Educating for Intelligent Belief or Unbelief (1993) and Philosophy of Education (1995).
[edit] Nel Nodding's relational ethics
Nel Nodding's approach to ethics of care has been described as relational ethics because it prioritises concern for relationships. Like Carol Gilligan, Nodding accepts that justice based approaches, which are supposed to be more masculine, are genuine alternatives to ethics of care. However, unlike Gilligan, Noddings' believes that caring, 'rooted in receptivity, relatedness, and responsiveness' is a more basic and preferable approach to ethics (Caring 1984, 2).
[edit] Caring
The key to understanding Noddings ethics of care is to understand her notion of caring and ethical caring in particular.
Noddings believes that it would be a mistake to try to provide a systematic examination of the requirements for caring, nevertheless, she does suggest three requirements for caring (Caring 1984, 11-12). She argues that the carer (one-caring) must exhibit engrossment and motivational displacement, and the person who is cared for (cared-for) must respond in some way to the caring (69). Nodding's term engrossment refers to thinking about someone in order to gain a greater understanding of him or her. Engrossment is necessary for caring because an individual's personal and physical situation must be understood before the one-caring can determine the appropriateness of any action. Engrossment could not on its own constitute caring; someone could have a deep understanding of another person, yet act against that person's interests. Motivational displacement prevents this form occurring. Motivational displacement occurs when the one-caring's behaviour is largely determined by the needs of the person for whom she is caring. Finally, Nodding believes that caring requires some form of recognition from the cared-for that the one-caring is, in fact, caring.
[edit] Criticisms of Noddings' relational ethics
Nel Nodding's ethics of care has been criticised by both feminists and those who favour more traditional, and arguably masculine, approaches to ethics. In brief, feminists object that the one-caring is, in effect, carrying out the traditional female role in life of giving while receiving little in return. Those who accept more traditional approaches to ethics argue that the partiality shown to those closest to us in Noddings' theory is inappropriate.
Noddings tends to use unequal relationships as a model for understanding caring. Philosopher and lesbian-feminist Sarah Lucia Hoagland argues that the relationships in question, such as parenting and teaching, are ideally relationships where caring is a transitory thing designed to foster the independence of the cared-for, and so end the unequal caring relationship. Unequal relationships, she writes, are ethically problematic, and so a poor model for an ethical theory. Hoagland argues that on Noddings' account of ethical caring, the one-caring is placed in the role of the giver and the cared-for in the role of the taker. The one-caring is dominant, choosing what is good for the cared-for, but gives without receiving caring in return. The cared-for is put in the position of being a dependent, with insufficient control over the nature of the caring. Hoagland believes that such unequal relationships cannot be morally good.
[edit] Selected Works
- Awakening the Inner Eye: Intuition in Education (co-author with Paul J. Shore). New York: Teachers College Columbia University, 1984.
- Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Publisher's promotion
- Women and Evil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Publisher's promotion
- Constructivist Views on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics (co-author with Robert B. Davis and Carolyn Alexander Maher). Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Monograph no. 4, Reston, Va.: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1990.
- Stories Lives Tell: Narrative and Dialogue in Education (co-author with Carol Witherell). New York: Teachers College Press, 1991.
- The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education. Advances in Contemporary Educational Thought series, vol. 8. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992.
- Educating for Intelligent Belief or Unbelief. The John Dewey Lecture. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993.
- Philosophy of Education. Dimensions of Philosophy series. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995.
- Caregiving: Readings in Knowledge, Practice, Ethics, and Politics (co-edited with Suzanne Gordon, Patricia E. Benner). Studies in Health, Illness, and Caregiving in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
- Awakening the Inner Eye: Intuition in Education (co-author with Paul J. Shore). Troy, NY: Educator's International Press, 1998.
- Justice and Caring: The Search for Common Ground in Education (co-author with Michael S. Katz and Kenneth A. Strike). Professional Ethics in Education series. New York: Teachers College Press, 1999. Publisher's promotion
- Uncertain Lives: Children of Promise, Teachers of Hope (co-author with Robert V. Bullough). New York: Teachers College Press, 2001.
- Educating Moral People. New York: Teachers College Press, 2002.
- Starting at Home: Caring and Social Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Publisher's promotion Review
- Happiness and Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Publisher's promotion
- Critical Issues in Education: Dialogues and Dialectics (Co-author with Jack L. Nelson, Stuart B. Palonsky, and Mary Rose McCarthy). 2003
- No Education Without Relation (Co-author with Charles Bingham, and Alexander M. Sidorkin). Counterpoints: Studies in the Postmodern Theory of Education, 259. Peter Lang Publishing, 2004.
- Teaching Social Studies that Matters: Curriculum for Active Learning (Co-author with Stephen J. Thornton). New York: Teachers College Press, 2004.
- Educating Citizens for Global Awareness (editor). New York: Teachers College Press, 2005. Boston research center featured book Publisher's promotion
- Critical Lessons: What Our Schools Should Teach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Publisher's promotion
- Moral Matters: Five Ways to Develop the Moral Life of Schools (co-author with Barbara Senkowski Stengel, and R. Tom Alan). New York: Teachers College Press, 2006.
[edit] References
- Anderson, Carol. 'EMU’s Porter Chair Noddings says addressing physical needs of students can improve success'. Eastern Michigan University press release. Oct 30th, 2002. http://www.emich.edu/univcomm/releases/noddings.html.
- Flinders, D. J. 'Nel Noddings'. In Joy A. Palmer (ed.) Fifty modern thinkers on education: From Piaget to the present. London: Routledge, 2001.
- Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. 'Some Concerns about Nel Noddings' Caring'. Hypatia 5 (1), 1990.
- Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. 'Some Thoughts about Caring'. In Claudia Card, ed., Feminist Ethics. Lawrence, Kans: University Press of Kansas, 1991.
- Smith, M. K. 'Nel Noddings, the ethics of care and education'. In The encyclopaedia of informal education. www.infed.org/thinkers/noddings.htm, 2004.
- Tong, Rosemarie. 'Nel Noddings's relational ethics'. In Feminine and Feminist Ethics. Belmost, Calif: Wadsworth, 1993.
- O'Toole, K. 'Noddings: To know what matters to you, observe your actions'. fxStanford Online Report, February 4, 1998. http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1998/february4/noddings.html.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Center for ethical deliberation, 'Feminist care ethics'. [1]
- O'Toole, K. 'Noddings: To know what matters to you, observe your actions', Stanford online report, February 4, 1998.[2].
- Smith, M. K. 'Nel Noddings, the ethics of care and education', The encyclopaedia of informal education, 2004. [3]
- Feminist Ethics, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy[4]
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