Names of the Levant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Over recorded history, there have been many names of the Levant. These names have applied to a part or the whole of the Levant. On occasion, two or more of these names have been used at the same time by different cultures or sects. As a natural result, some of the names of the Levant are highly politically-charged. Perhaps the least politicized name is Levant itself, which simply means "where the sun rises" or "where the land rises out of the sea", a meaning attributed to the region's easterly location on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.
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[edit] Retjenu
The ancient Egyptians called the Levant Retjenu.
[edit] Canaan
- Canaanite: כנען [knʕn]
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- Tiberian Hebrew - Hebrew is a southern dialect of Canaanite: כְּנַעַן [kəˈnaʕan]
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- Israeli Hebrew: כנען, Knaan
- Assyrian Akkadian: Kinahnu
- Greek: Χανααν, Khanaan
- Latin: Canaan
- Arabic: کنعان [kanaʕaːn]
- Turkish: Kenan
Before and during the early Hebrew settlements in the region, the land was called Canaan (first recorded in Assyrian Akkadian as Kinahnu), and its indigenous people were the Canaanites. The Phœnicians, who spoke a Canaanite language at their Mediterranean ports, also called themselves and their land Canaan.
[edit] Phoenicia
- Greek: Φοινίκη, Phoiníkē
- Latin: Phœnicia
- Tiberian Hebrew: פִינִיקִיָּה [finiqijːɔ]
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- Israeli Hebrew: פיניקיה, Finikiya
In ancient times, the Greeks called the whole of Canaan Phoenicia. Today, the general consensus associates the Phoenician homeland proper with the northwest coastal region of the Levant, centered at Phoenician cities such as Ugarit, Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos. Today, this place is usually equated with modern Lebanon and the coast of modern Syria. Also there is modern town in Turkey called Finike which is thought to have derived by the Lycians who were doing trade with Phoenicians in ancient times.
[edit] Israel
- Canaanite: ישראל [j.s.r.ʔ.l]
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- Tiberian Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל [jisrɔʔel]
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- Israeli Hebrew: ישראל, Yisrael
For a brief period of several decades, the Kingdom of Israel (United Monarchy) under David and Solomon ruled the majority of the Land of Israel, though not most of the Phœnician and Philistine coastal lands. After Solomon's death it was split into northern Kingdom of Israel and southern Kingdom of Judah. Today the modern State of Israel controls some of this area. The concept of "Greater Israel" refers to a larger area that is supported by some nationalists.
[edit] Assyria and Syria
Assyria
- Canaanite: אשור [ʔ.ʃ.w.r]
- Tiberian Hebrew: אַשּׁוּר [ʔaʃːuˑr]
- Israeli Hebrew: אשור, Ashur
- Tiberian Hebrew: אַשּׁוּר [ʔaʃːuˑr]
Syria
- Tiberian Hebrew: סוּרִיָּה [suˑrijːɔ]
- Israeli Hebrew: סוריה, Suriya
- Greek: Συρια, Syria
- Arabic: سوريّة [suːrijːah]
- Turkish: Suriye
- Persian: Suriye
During Persian rule of the Middle-east, the Greeks and Romans came to call the region Syria, believed to have been named after Assyria and the Aramaic language they spread over the entire region. Herodotus used the combined name "Syria Palaistina". "Greater Syria" refers to a larger area that is supported by some nationalists.
[edit] Philistia and Palestine
Philistia
- Canaanite: פלשת [p.l.ʃ.t]
- Tiberian Hebrew: פְּלֶשֶׁת [pəlɛʃɛθ]
- Israeli Hebrew: פלשת Pleshet
- Tiberian Hebrew: פְּלֶשֶׁת [pəlɛʃɛθ]
- Greek: Παλαιστινα, Palaistina - from Hebrew: פְּלִשְׁתִּים [pəliʃtiˑm]
- Latin: Palæstina - from Greek
Palestine
- Greek: Παλαιστινα, Palaistina - same word as Philistia
- Latin: Palæstina - same word as Philistia
- Tiberian Hebrew: פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה [pɔlistiˑnɔ] - from Latin
- Israeli Hebrew: פלשתינה, Palestina
- Arabic فلسطين [filastˁiːn] - from Latin
- Tiberian Hebrew: פִלַסְטִין [filastin] - from Arabic
- Israeli Hebrew: פלסטין, Filastin
- Turkish: Filistin
Palestine derives from Philistia and its Philistine people, first recorded by the ancient Egyptians as a member of the invading Sea Peoples or Peleset. Though originally applied only to the southwest coast where the Philistines lived, later Herodotus called the whole area "Syria Palaistina". The Romans used it to refer to the southern part of the region, and the name was carried on as a province name by the Byzantines and Arabs. However, after Greek times it is usually reserved for only the southern portion of the Levant.
†As a side note, Standard Hebrew has two names for Palestine, both of which are different from the Hebrew name for ancient Philistia. The first name Palestina was used by Hebrew speakers in the British Mandate of Palestine; it is spelled like the name for Philistia but with three more letters added to the end and a Latin pronunciation given. The second name Filastin is a direct loan from the Arabic form, and is used today specifically to refer to the modern Palestinians and to political aspirations for a Palestinian state.
[edit] ash-Sham
- Arabic: الشام [ʔaʃːaːm]
The name ash-Sham comes from an Arabic root meaning "left" or "north" — became the name of the Levant, and its capital of the time Damascus, under the Caliphate.
[edit] Levant
Medieval Italians called the region the Levant, akin to the words levity and levitate, after its easterly location where the sun "rises"; it was adopted from Italian and French into many other languages including Turkish which is Levent.
[edit] Outremer
Frankish Crusaders called the Levant Outremer in French, which simply means "overseas." In France, this general term was colloquially applied more specifically to the Levant because of heavy Frankish involvement in the Crusades and the foundation of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and other Latin settlements scattered throughout the area.
[edit] Holy Land
- Tiberian Hebrew: אֶרֶץ הַקֹּדֶשׁ [ʔɛɾɛsˁ haqːoðɛʃ]
- Israeli Hebrew: ארץ הקדש, Erets Ha-Kodesh
- Latin: Terra Sancta
The Holy Land is a somewhat neutral term used in Judeo-Christian tradition to refer to the holy sites of the Levant — especially Shiloh, Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth — but is also often used to refer to the Levant (and historical Canaan) as a whole. Note that this term in Islam refers not only to the Levant, but to the Arabian region of Hijaz where the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah are located.
See also Names of Jerusalem.
[edit] Near East / Ancient Near East / Middle East / Mideast
Archaeologists and historians often refer to the Levant and surrounding areas as the Near East, referring to its geographical relation to the subcontinent of Europe. Properly:
- "The Near East" = "Turkey" + "The Middle East"
The term Middle East, sometimes abbreviated to the Mideast, is especially common in journalistic contexts to stand for the State of Israel with the Palestinian Territories, but properly the term Middle East refers to the entire Fertile Crescent, from Egypt to Israel and Jordan, to Lebanon and Syria, to Iraq and Quwait, to Iran.
