Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
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The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) is a campaigning organization representing the Ogoni people in their struggle for ethnic and environmental rights. Its primary targets, and at times adversaries, have been the Nigerian government and the oil company Royal Dutch Shell. MOSOP organizes in large part through sectoral organizations such as the National Youth Council of the Ogoni People and the Federation of Ogoni Women's Associations.
[edit] History
The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People has struggled against the degradation of their lands by Shell in Nigeria. MOSOP was founded by a mix of educated Ogoni elites and chiefs, including its first president Dr. Garrick Barile Leton, Chief E. N. Kobani, Meshack Karanwi and then-president of the Ethnic Minority Rights Organization of Africa, Ken Saro-Wiwa. MOSOP initiated its efforts with a bold declaration, the 1990 Ogoni Bill of Rights, addressed to the federal government. The Bill reads like a model statement before a mediator. It lists their concerns: oil-related suffering of their people, governmental neglect, lack of social services, and political marginalization. These concerns were placed in the context of a self-definition: the Ogonis as "a separate and distinct ethnic nationality." On this basis they sought autonomy, environmental protection, control of a fair share of the revenues from their resources, and cultural rights, such as the use of their local languages.
Beginning December 1992, the conflict escalated to a level of greater seriousness and intensity on both sides. It was in this phase of the conflict that overt violence was applied on the large scale by the Nigerian government. At the same time, Ogoni forces, while embracing nonviolence, began to occasionally spill over into acts of violence. The collision course between the two parties was set with an ultimatum to the oil companies (Shell, Chevron, and the Nigerian National Petroleum Company) which demanded some $10 billion in accumulated royalties, damages and compensation, and "immediate stoppage of environmental degradation," and negotiations for mutual agreement on all future drilling. If the companies failed to comply, the Ogonis threatened to embark on mass action to disrupt their operation. By this act, the Ogonis shifted the focus of their actions from an unresponsive federal government to oil companies actively engaged in their own region. The bases for this assignment of responsibility were the benefits accrued by the oil companies from extracting the natural wealth of the Ogoni homeland.
The national government responded by banning public gatherings and declaring that disturbances of oil production were acts of treason. In spite of the ban, MOSOP went ahead with a massive public mobilization on January 4, 1993. The event, called the first Ogoni Day, attracted about 300,000 people in massive festivities, the largest mobilization of the Ogoni ever conducted. Over the next month as the mobilization continued, one Shell employee was beaten by an Ogoni mob. As a security measure, SPDC withdrew its employees from Ogoniland. This action has had very mixed consequences. Oil extraction from the territory has slowed to a trickle of 10,000 barrels per day (.5% of the national total). However, because the withdrawal was a temporary security measure, it provided the government with a compelling reason to "restore order": resume the flows of oil from Ogoniland and of oil money to national coffers.
Military repression escalated in May 1994. On May 21, soldiers and mobile policemen appeared in most Ogoni villages. On that day, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were brutally murdered. Saro-Wiwa, head of the opposing faction, had been denied entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders, but he was detained in connection with the killings. Rivers State Military Administrator Lt. Col. Dauda Komo did not wait for a judicial investigation to blame the killings on "irresponsible and reckless thuggery of the MOSOP element".
The occupying forces, led by Major Paul Okuntimo of Rivers State Internal Security, claimed to be "searching for those directly responsible for the killings of the four Ogonis." However, witnesses say that they engaged in terror operations against the general Ogoni population. Amnesty International characterized the policy as deliberate terrorism. By mid-June, 30 villages had been completely destroyed, 600 people had been detained, and at least 40 had been killed. An eventual total of around 100,000 internal refugees and an estimated 2,000 civilian deaths was recorded.
On 10 November 1995 9 activists from the movement, among them the playwright Ken Saro-Wiwa, were hanged by the Nigerian government. Shell asked the Nigerian government for clemency towards those found guilty, but its request was refused. The British Commonwealth, which had also plead for clemency, suspended Nigeria's membership in response.
Ogoni Day observances and protests were held under military occupation on January 4, 1996. Five or six unarmed protesters were killed in the town of Bori.[1]
[edit] Sources
- Kretzman, Steve, “Nigeria’s ‘Drilling Fields’: Shell Oil’s Role in Repression,” Multinational Monitor, January/February 1995 (XVI:1-2).
- “Witness: Delta Force,” Canadian Broadcasting Company, 1995.
