Mouse spider
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Mouse spiders are spiders of the genus Missulena, in the mygalomorph family Actinopodidae. There are 11 known species in this genus, all but one of which are indigenous to Australia. One species, M. tussulena, is found in Chile. The name derives from an old belief, now known to be false, that the spiders dig deep burrows similar to mice.
There is evidence that the bite of a mouse spider is potentially as serious as that of an Australasian funnel-web spider; however recorded envenomations by this spider are rare. Funnel-web anti-venom has been found to be an effective treatment for serious bites.
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[edit] Description
Mouse spiders are medium-to-large specimens, which range in length from 1cm to 3cm. Their carapace is glossy, and they have high, broad heads, with eyes spread out across the front of the head. They have short spinnerets, located in the rear of the abdomen. Mouse spiders exhibit sexual dimorphism, with female spiders being all black; and male spiders having species-specific coloration. The male Eastern mouse spider (M. bradleyi) have a bluish patch, and the male Red-headed mouse spider (M. occatoria) are brownish in color, with red-tinged jaws.
Mouse spiders prey on insects mainly; though they may consume other small animals as opportunity presents. The primary predators of the mouse spider include wasps, bandicoots, centipedes, and scorpions.
[edit] Habitat and range
The mouse spiders range throughout Australia, with different species being found in different states there. One species is found in Chile, and the nearest related genera of Missulena also occur in South America. This is because they are part of the Gondwanan fauna. Similar to trapdoor spiders, the mouse spider lives in burrows covered with trapdoors, which can extend to nearly 30 cm (1 foot) in depth. Female mouse spiders generally remain in their burrows; the males will wander in search of mates.
[edit] Medical significance
Several species of mouse spider in Australia have been found to produce serious symptoms, similar to the Australasian funnel-web spider. However, serious envenomations are relatively rare; most mouse spider bites documented in the medical literature did not require use of anti-venom, or involve serious symptoms. The venom of the Eastern mouse spider (M. bradleyi) was found to have toxins similar to the robustotoxin found in funnel-web venom; and funnel-web anti-venom has been found to be effective in treating severe mouse spider bites. Unlike the funnel-web, however, the mouse spider is far less aggressive towards humans, and may often give "dry" bites.
[edit] Species
- Missulena bradleyi Rainbow, 1914 (New South Wales)
- Missulena dipsaca Faulder, 1995 (Australia)
- Missulena granulosa (O. P-Cambridge, 1869) (Western Australia)
- Missulena hoggi Womersley, 1943 (Western Australia)
- Missulena insignis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1877) (Australia)
- Missulena occatoria Walckenaer, 1805 (Southern Australia)
- Missulena pruinosa Levitt-Gregg, 1966 (Western Australia, Northern Territory)
- Missulena reflexa Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 (South Australia)
- Missulena rutraspina Faulder, 1995 (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria)
- Missulena torbayensis Main, 1996 (Western Australia)
- Missulena tussulena Goloboff, 1994 (Chile)
