Marszałek
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- Court Marshal redirects here. For the military judicial process see Court Martial.
Marszałek (Lithuanian: Maršalka, English: Marshal) was one of the highest officials in the Polish royal court since the 13th century. He was the oldest-ranking of all court officials and was considered the most important advisor to the King of Poland.
[edit] History
The term marszałek, derived from Old German marh-skalk or horse-servant came to Polish language in 13th century from Bohemia. Initially it retained its original meaning and was used to denote the stable-keeper on various courts of princes, most notably in Silesia. However, soon the term evolved and started denoting one of the functions at the court. In 14th century the royal court in Krakow introduced an office of the Marshal of the Polish Kingdom (marszałek Królestwa Polskiego), which was one of the offices reserved for kings' advisors.
In 15th century a similar office of Grand Marshal of the Crown (marszałek wielki koronny) was created for the closest of all kings' men. The Grand Marshal was often referred to as the first of the servants or first of the advisors (pierwszy minister in 16th century Polish) as he was superior to all other officials at the court, including the cup-bearers, sword-bearers, flag-bearers, writers, mathematicians and secretaries. Among his responsibilities were command over the court during kigs' travels, obedience of court etiquette and starting and closing the Senate meetings. In addition, when away from the Royal Castle, King entitled the marszałek to enforce the so-called marshal articles, or a set of rules limiting the freedom of the szlachta in the presence of the monarch and regulating the order of meetings in order to ensure kings' safety. Initially traditional law, the set of rules was finally accepted by the Sejm in 1678.
The Grand marshal's deputy was named marszałek nadworny (marshal of the court), who was taking care for the court and the safety of the dames. After the Union of Lublin similar offices were created for Lithuania and were entitled to conduct the same set of duties when the king was on the Lithuanian soil. In addition, a separate office of land marshal of Lithuania (marszałek ziemski litewski) was created. Finally, in 17th century an office of marszałek dworski (court marshal, not to be confused with marshal of the court) was created. The latter official was the manager of kings' private property.
In addition to the court officials, the term marszałek was also used to denote a number of lower-ranking or temporary officials. Out of those the most prominent were marshals of the Sejm (Polish parliament) (marszałek sejmu) and Sejmiks (regional parliaments).
In 1772, after the first partition of Poland, in the Russian-occupied part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth an office of the marszałek szlachty (Marshal of the szlachta) was created. Not related to the earlier court officials, the szlachta marshal was a deputy of Russian-nominated governor and was entitled with taking care of the sejmiks and other self-government bodies of the gentry, as well as with collecting taxes and controlling the genealogical records. The Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1842 introduced two sets of such officials: one for gubernyal level of administration and the other for powiat-level. Initially elected by the gentry, after the January Uprising of 1863 the marshals were usually nominated by the governor. Their influence soon diminished and the office was abolished, together with the traditional Polish system of administrative division onto voivodships, lands and powiats.
In 20th century, when Poland regained independence, a new rank was created: marszałek polski (Marshal of Poland). It was first given to Józef Piłsudski, and although it is the highest military rank it is more of a honor-rank. This title is granted only to military commanders who achieved victory during a war. Marszałek sejmu was recreated as well.
[edit] Types of marshals' offices
The following is a list of most of the titles of marszałek. Please note, however, than in many cases they are completely unrelated to each other.
In the Polish Kingdom:
- Marszałek Krolestwa Polskiego - Marshal of the Kingdom of Poland
In the Polish-Lithnuanian Commonwealth:
- Marszałek wielki koronny - Grand Marshal of the Crown
- Marszałek wielki litewski - Grand Marshal of Lithuania
- Marszałek nadworny koronny - Marshal of the Court of the Crown
- Marszałek nadworny litewski - Marshal of the Court of Lithuania
- Marszałek dworski - Court Marshal
- Marszałek ziemski - District Marshal or Land Marshal
- Marszałek sejmu - Marshall of the Sejm
- Marszałek sejmiku - Marshall of the Sejmik
In partitioned Poland:
- Marszałek szlachty - Marshal of the Szlachta
In Second Polish Republic, People's Republic of Poland and present-day Poland:
- Marszałek Polski - Marshal of Poland (military rank)
- Marszałek sejmu - Marshall of the Sejm
- Marszałek senatu - Marshall of the Senate of Poland
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Paszek z Bogumilowic | Piotr z Niedzwiedzia | Andrzej Grochocki | Wawrzyniec Zaremba z Kaliny | Domarat z Kobylan | Jakub Przekora z Morawian | Mikolaj Lackoronski z Brzezia | Piotr Olesnicki z Sienna | Andrzej Teczynski z Rabsztyna | Jan z Brzezia, z Lackorony | Jan Bejzat z Mokrska | Mikolaj Zakrzowski | Hynek z Balic, z Gorenic | Jan Lackoronski z Brzezia | Jan Bejzat z Mokrska | Michal Lasocki | Pawel Jesieniecki | Piotr Kurozwecki | Stanislaw Lackoronski | Rafal Leszczynski | Jan Teczynski z Rabsztyna | Stanislaw Jarocki | Piotr Kmita | Jan Teczynski | Stanislaw Maciejowski | Stanislaw Wolski | Stanislaw Barzi | Andrzej Opalinski | Andrzej Zborowski | Stanislaw Przyjemski | Prokop Sieniawski | Mikolaj Wolski | Andrzej Przyjemski | Lukasz Opalinski | Stanislaw Przyjemski | Adam Kazanowski | Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski | Lukasz Opalinski | Jan Klemens Branicki | Stanislaw Herakliusz Lubomirski | Mikolaj Hieronim Sieniawski | Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski | Józef Karol Lubomirski | Kazimierz Ludwik Bielinski | Wojciech Dambski | Stanisław Chomętowski | Stefan Potocki | Franciszek Bielinski | Jerzy Augustyn Wandalin Mniszech | Franciszek Wielopolski | Franciszek Rzewuski | Kazimierz Raczynski | Stanislaw Kostka Bielinski |
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Michał Gliński | Jerzy Iwan Ilinicz | Jerzy Mikołaj Radziwiłł | Iwan Hornostaj | Ostafi Wołłowicz | Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł | Albrycht Radziwiłł | Mikołaj Talwosz | Krzysztof Monwind Drohostajski | Piotr Wiesiołowski | Jan Stanisław Sapieha | Krzysztof Wiesiołowski | Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł | Kazimierz Leon Sapieha | Antoni Jan Tyszkiewicz | Krzysztof Zawisza | Teodor Aleksander Lacki | Józef Bogusław Słuszka | Jan Karol Dolski | Aleksander Paweł Sapieha | Kazimierz Michał Pac | Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki | Józef Wandalin Mniszek | Kazimierz Michał Pac | Paweł Karol Sapieha | Michał "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł | Ignacy Anicenta Kieżgajło Zawisza | Ferdynand Fabian Plater | Józef Scipo del Campio | Ignacy Ogiński | Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko | Józef Paulin Sanguszko | Władysław Roch Gurowski | Michał Jerzy Mniszech | Roman Ignacy Potocki | Stanisław Pereświet Sołtan | Michał Gielgud |
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Pełka Kościelec | Jan Kolczek z Zakrzowa | Przedbor z Brzezia | Jan z Tarnowa | Przedbor z Brzezia | Mikołaj z Bogorii | Dymitr z Goraja | Zbigniew z Brzezia | Wawrzyniec Zaremba z Kalinowy | Jan Głowacz z Oleśnicy | Mikołaj Lackoroński z Brzezia | Jan Rytwiański | Rafał Jarosławski | Piotr Kmita z Wiśnicza | Stanisław Chodecki z Chodcza | Piotr Kmita Sobieński | Jan Mielecki | Jan Firlej | Andrzej Opaliński | Stanisław Przyjemski | Mikołaj Zebrzydowski | Zygmunt Myszkowski | Mikołaj Wolski | Łukasz Opaliński | Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski | Jan Sobieski | Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski | Józef Karol Lubomirski | Kazimierz Ludwik Bieliński | Józef Mniszech | Franciszek Bieliński | Stanisław Lubomirski | Michał Jerzy Mniszech | Fryderyk Jozef Moszynski |
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Stanisław Czupuruna | Rumbold Wolimuntowicz | Radziwiłł Ościkowicz | Piotr Montygerdowicz | Marcin Gesztołd | Bohdan Andrzej Sakowicz | Piotr Jan Montygerdowicz | Jan Jurjewicz Zabrzeziński | Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł | Mikołaj Jan Kiezgajło | Stanislaw Piotr Kiszka | Jan Mikolaj Radziwill | Jan Zabrzezinski | Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł | Jan Hieronim Chodkiewicz | Mikołaj "the Orphan" Radziwiłł | Albrycht Radziwiłł | Stanisław Radziwiłł | Krzysztof Monwind Drohostajski | Piotr Wiesiołowski | Jan Stanisław Sapieha | Krzysztof Wiesiołowski | Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł | Krzysztof Zawisza | Aleksander Hilary Polubinski | Stanislaw Kazimierz Radziwill | Jan Karol Dolski | Janusz Antoni Wisniowiecki | Aleksander Pawel Sapieha | Kazimierz Antoni Sanguszko | Marcjan Dominik Wollowicz | Aleksander Pawel Sapieha | Pawel Karol Sanguszko | Ignacy Oginski | Jozef Paulin Sanguszko | Wladyslaw Roch Gurowski | Roman Ignacy Potocki | Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz |
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