Kirkpatrick Doctrine
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The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was a political doctrine expounded by United States Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick in the early 1980s which attempted to justify US support for Third World anti-Communist dictatorships in the context of the Cold War. Kirkpatrick claimed that pro-Soviet communist states were totalitarian regimes while pro-Western dictatorships were authoritarian ones. Kirkpatrick claimed that totalitarian regimes were more stable than authoritarian regimes, and thus had a greater propensity to influence neighboring states.
Kirkpatrick's tenet that totalitarian regimes are more stable than authoritarian regimes has come under criticism since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, particularly as Kirkpatrick predicted that the Soviet system would persist for decades. Others counter that the Soviet Union fell only amid steady US-led Western opposition to Communism during the Cold War. Still others argue that the transition from totalitarianism to democracy in the Eastern Bloc has not been nearly as smooth as several authoritarian states' transition to democracy.
According to Kirkpatrick, authoritarian regimes merely try to control and/or punish their subjects' behaviors, while totalitarian regimes moved beyond that into attempting to control the thoughts of their subjects, using not only propaganda, but brainwashing, re-education, widespread espionage on private citizens, and mass political repression based on state ideology. The Soviet Union, particularly during Joseph Stalin's rule and Nazi Germany are usually cited as archetypical examples of totalitarian regimes.
Totalitarian regimes also often attempt to undermine or destroy community institutions deemed ideologically tainted (e.g., religious ones, or even the nuclear family), while authoritarian regimes by and large leave these alone. For this reason, she argues that the process of restoring democracy is easier in formerly authoritarian than in formerly totalitarian states, and that the former are more amenable to gradual reform in a democratic direction.
The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was particularly influential during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The Reagan administration gave varying degrees of support to anti-Communist dictatorships, including those in Guatemala (to 1985), the Philippines (to 1986), and Argentina (to 1983), and armed the mujahideen in Afghanistan, UNITA in Angola, and the Contras in Nicaragua, as a means of ending leftist rule in those countries.
