Khalid ibn al-Walid
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| Khālid ibn al-Walīd | |
|---|---|
| 592 - 642 | |
| Nickname | "Sayf-Allāh" (Sword of God) |
| Place of birth | Mecca |
| Allegiance | Rashidun Caliphate |
| Campaigns of Khalid ibn Walid |
|---|
| Uhud – Faraz – Zumiel – Sanni – Muzieh – Daumat-ul-jandal – Ein-ul-tamr – River – Chains – Yamama – Hazir – Zafar – Ghamra – Naqra – Walaja – Mu'tah – Yarmuk –Buzakha |
Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592 - 642) (Arabic: خالد بن الوليد) also known as Sayf-Allāh (Arabic: Sword of God), was one of the two renowned Arab generals (see also: Amr ibn al-A'as) during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th Century.[1] He is noted for his military prowess commanding the forces of the Prophet Muhammad and those of his immediate successors of the Rashidun Caliphate; Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abu Bakr.[1]. In having the distinction of being undefeated in battle he ranked alongside some of the finest military commanders in history
Khalid ibn Walid was from the Meccan tribe of the Quraish who opposed Muhammad and played a vital role in their victory at the Battle of Uhud. He however converted and joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and commanded various expeditions for him such as those as the Battle of Mu'tah. After Muhammad he played a key role in commanding Medinan forces for Abu Bakr in the Ridda wars, and the capture of the Arab Sassanid client Kingdom of Al-Hirah in the early stages of the Islamic conquest of Persia. He then crossed the desert to capture the the Byzantine Arab client state of the Ghassanids as well during his conquest of the Bilad al-Sham (Levant). Though Umar later relieved him of high command he remained the effective leader of the forces arrayed against the Byzantines during the early stages of the Byzantine-Arab Wars.[1] Under him Damascus was captured in 635 and the key Arab victory was achieved at the Battle of Yarmuk (636).[1]
[edit] Lineage
Khalid ibn Waleed was born c. 592 in Mecca to Walid ibn al-Mughira, the chief of the Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraish, a clan which specialized in warfare.[2]
[edit] Military Training
As a Makhzumi, who were among the best horsemen in Arabia, he learned to ride as a child as well as the use weapons like the spear, the lance, the bow, and the sword. Khalid personally preferred the use of the sword[citation needed], and as an adult he was over six-foot tall and was admired as a renowned warrior among the Quraish. [3]
[edit] Military Career during Muhammad's era 610-632
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Following the migration (Hijrah) of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, many battles were fought between the new Muslim community at Medina and the confederacy of the Quraish.Khalid didn't particepated in the first Battle fought between [Muslim]]s and Quraish of Mecca i.e Battle of Badr, Khalid's leadership was instrumental in turning the tables and ensuring a Meccan victory during the Battle of Uhud (625).In 627 A.D he was a part of Quraish's campaign against Muslims which results in the Battle of the Trench,this was Khalid's last battle against muslims. Following the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628, Khalid converted to Islam and personally and apologized for his previous actions to Muhammad and began to fight for Islam from then on.
[edit] Battle of Mu'tah 629 CE
Three months after Khalid's arrival at Medina, Muhammad had sent an envoy to the Ghassanids with a letter asking the chieftain to convert to Islam. While passing through Mu'tah this envoy was intercepted and killed by a local Ghassanids chieftain by the name of Shurahbil ibn Amr. Traditionally, diplomatic envoys held immunity from attack, and the news of this act inflamed Medina. [citation needed]
An expedition was immediately prepared to take punitive action against the Ghassanids. Muhammad appointed Zayd ibn Harithah as the commander of the force. In the event of Zayd's death, the command was to be taken over by Jafar ibn Abi Talib, while if Jafar were killed, the command would devolve upon Abd-Allah ibn Rawahah, and if all three were killed, the men of the expedition were to select a commander from among themselves. [citation needed]
After the three named commanders were slain, Khalid was selected as the commander and he was enable to maintain his army of 3000 soldiers against the Byzantine Empire and Ghassanids Arabs forces in what would be known as the Battle of Mu'tah,because of khalid's brilliant abilities muslim army survived there from a Shameful defeat,he broke 9 swords during combat in the battle,according to sunni Muslims after the Battle of Mu'tah he was given the title Sword of Allah.[4]
In 630 A.D Muslims advanced from Madinah to conqure macca.in The Conquest of Mecca Khalid was commanding one of the four muslims army that entered Mecca,during which he had a skirmish with the cavalry of Quraish of Mecca.Later he was sent to Banu Jadhimah tribe.
[edit] Banu Jadhimah 630
When Khalid led an expedition against the Banu Jadhimah, he persuaded them to disarm by acknowledging that they had become Muslims, and then killed some of them. When Muhammad heard of this, he declared to God that he was innocent of what Khalid had done, and sent 'Ali ibn Abi Talilb to pay the survivors compensation. [5]
Later in 630 A.D he was made commander of Muslim's Cavalry in the Battle of Hunayn, following this Battle he also particepated in the Siege of Ta'if,he was part of Muslim's army went for the campaign of Tabouk under the command of Prophet Mohammad,from where he was sent to Daumat-ul-jandal by Prophet Mohammad to capture it where he attacked and imprisoned the prince of daumat-ul-jandal, thus forcing daumat-ul-jandal to submit.
In 631 CE he also participated in the farewell hajj of Prophet Mohammad. According to a narration, when prophet Mohammad shaved his head, Khalid took some of his hairs. When asked by prophet Mohammad the reason for this, he replied, "I will keep these hairs with me forever as a relic so that they will help me be victorious in battles." [citation needed] Later he sewed those hairs in his cap, which he always wore under his turban.
[edit] Abu Bakr's era 632–634
After the death of prophet Mohammad (pbuh), many tribres broke away in revolt against the rule of Medina. Caliph Abu Bakr sent his armies to counter the rebels and apostates. Khalid ibn al-Walid was given command of an army and sent towards the rebel tribe of tai, but Addi bin hatim - a prominent companion of the prophet - arbitrated, and the attack was stopped. Khalid's next target was the jalida tribe. Once again 'addi bin hatim arbitrated. Later in the same month, he turned towards buzakha where he defeated Tulaiha, a main rebel leader who claimed prophethood as a means to draw support for himself, in the Battle of buzakha in mid-September 632 CE. The remaining followers of Tulaiha were defeated in the Battle of Ghamra 20 miles from Buzakha in the third week of September 632 CE. Several tribes submitted to the Caliph after Khalid's decisive victories. Moving south from Buzakha, Khalid reached Naqra with 6000 men, and defeated the rebel tribe of banu saleem in the Battle of Naqra. Later in October 632 CE, he defeated a tribal mistress, Salma, in the battle of Zafar. Afterwards he moved against the rebel tribe of Banu Tamim and their shiekh Malik ibn Nuwayrah.
[edit] Malik ibn Nuwayrah and the massacre of his tribe
During the Riddah war, Abu Bakr sent Khalid into Najd with 4000 men. Many clans of Banu Tamim hastened to visit Khalid, but the Banu Yarbu' - a branch of Bani Tamim - under its chief, Malik ibn Nuwayrah, hung back.
Malik was a chief of some distinction; a warrior, noted for his generosity; and a famous poet. Bravery, generosity and poetry were the three qualities most admired among the Arabs. Malik ordered his followers to scatter and he himself apparently moved away across the desert with his family. Abū Bakr had given orders that the test to be applied to suspected rebels was that they be asked to repeat the Muslim formula and that they answer the call to prayer.
This website contains badly researched information and some sites without correct reference
[edit] Sunni point of view
The death of Malik ibn Nuwayrah and the others was because of a wrong interpretation of a military order. The night was cold so Khalid ordered the guards to "warm their prisoners". This, however, was an order to kill in the dialect spoken by some of the guards, so they killed Malik without Khaild's knowledge. When he learnt of this, Khalid informed the Caliph, and was pardoned for the chieftain's death since he did not actually order it. Later, Khalid offered to marry the widow of Malik - perhaps as a form of compensation of her husband's wrongful death - and she accepted.
[edit] The last threat
After the incident of Malik ibn Nuwayrah, Caliph Abu Bakr sent Khalid to crush the most powerful threat to the nascent Islamic state of Medina: another self proclaimed prophet, Musailima. Khalid won a decisive victory againt Musailima in the Battle of Yamama, which was fought in the 3rd week of December, 632 CE. With the defeat of Musailima, nearly all resistance of the rebel tribes collapsed. [6]|
[edit] Further Conquests
Now Caliph Abu Bakr decided to expand the empire . The Islamic invasion of Persia was to begin. Khalid was sent to the Persian empire with an army consisting of 18000 to conquer the richest province of the Persian empire, Iraq, which was mostly Arab populated. [7]|
[edit] Invasion of Iraq
Entering Iraq with his army of 18000, Khalid won decisive victories in 4 battles: Battle of Chains, fought in April 633 CE; Battle of River, fought in the 3rd week of April 633 CE; Battle of Walaja, fought in May 633 CE, and Battle of Ullais, fought in the mid of May, 633 CE. By now the Persian court was down and out. In the last week of May 633 CE, the capital city of Iraq fell to the Muslims after resistance in the Battle of Hira. After resting his armies, Khalid moved in June 633 CE towards Al Anbar, which resisted and was defeated in the Battle of Al-Anbar, and eventually surrendered after a siege of a few weeks in July 633 CE. Khalid then moved towards the south, and conquered the city of ein ul tamr after the Battle of ein-ul-tamr in the last week of July, 633 AC. By now, almost the whole of Iraq was under Islamic control. Khalid got a call of help from northern Arabia at daumat-ul-jandal, where another Muslim Arab general, Ayaz bin ghanam, was trapped among the rebel tribes. Khalid went to daumat-ul-jandal and defeated the rebels in the Battle of Daumat-ul-jandal in the last week of August, 633 CE. Returning from Arabia, he got news of the assembling of a large Persian army. Within a few weeks, he decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of defeat to a large unified Persian army. Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz, Zumiel, Sanni and Muzieh. Khalid divided his army in three units, and decided to attack these auxiliaries one by one from three different sides at night, starting from the Battle of Muzieh, then the Battle of Sanni, and finally the Battle of Zumail. In November 633 CE, Khalid perished those armies in his series of three sided attacks at night. These devastating defeats ended Persian control over Iraq. In December 633 CE, Khalid reached the border city of Faraz, where he defeated the combined Persian and Roman army in the Battle of Faraz. This was his last battle in Iraq. [8]|
[edit] Invasion of Byzantine Empire
caliph Abu Bakr congradulated khalid over his victories and gave him a new task to enter the byzantine province of Syria and command Islamic armies there.byzantine province of Syria in those days comprises on modern days syria,jordan,isreal,Palestine,Lebanon and Southern Turkey.passing through Syrian Desert khalid with his half army of 9000 warriors entered syria in June 634 A.C and commanded 23000 Muslims army present there under the command of 4 Generals, AbuUbaida ibn al-Jarrah,Yazid bin abu-sufyan, Sharjeel bin hassana and Amr ibn al-A'as. Khalid just after one day of his arival set out for conquest of Syria. he reached the town of Sawa, defance forces present there resisted a bit but later in the evening surrendered the city and agree to pay tribute, he moved to Aarak city the same day, this city too surrendered and agree to pay tribute. The next day khalid moved to tarmad city, which too surrendered, he moved further and city of Sakhna and Qadma too surrendered and agree to pay tribute. The next Day city of Qarteen and Hawwareen were captured after small battle of Qarteen and battle of Hawareen.Khalid after dealing with all these cities moved towards damascus, after three days journey he reached a mountain pass,20 miles from Damascus which is now known asSanita-al-Uqab( Uqab pass) after the name of khalid's army standard.from here he moved away from Damascus towards rest of the Islamic armies which were still near the Syrian-Arabia border. At maraj-al-rahab, khalid defeated a Gassanid army of christain Arabs in a short battle of maraj-al-rahab.by Now he was moving away from the stronghold of byzantines Damascus, towards the city of Basra.khalid reached Basra after 3 days in the main time when Sharjeel bin hassana's 4000 army was in fight with 12000 Roman army. as soon as khalid reached there with his 9000 warriors Roman army retreated and besieged in the castle. After few days they came out and were defeated in the Battle of basra and again retreated to castle and surrendered the city.130 Muslims died by now it was almost mid of July 634 A.C.soon Muslims heard of gathering of 90,000 Roman army at Ajnadeen, all the divisions of Muslim army joined khalid at ajnadeen on 24th July 634,which was about 32,000 in number , khalid defeated Roman there on 30th July 634 A.C in Battle of AjnadaynAfter one week khalid moved to Damascus in his way to Damascus he defeated an other Roman army in the battle of Yakosa in mid-aujust 634 A.C. Tomur the son-in-law of Emperor Heraclius sent an other army to stop khalid but they too were defeated in the battle of maraj-al-safar on 19th August 634 A.C.the next day khalid finally reached Damascus and sieged the city which continue for 30 days , after defeated the Roman reinforcement sent by emperor Heraclius at battle of sanita-al-uqab 20 miles from Damascus , khalid after standing 3 Roman attacks of broking the siege finally attacked and conquered the city on 18th September 634 A.C.Roman army was given deadline of 3 days to go as far as they can with there families and treasure, other simply agree to stay at Damascus and pay tribute .After three days deadline over, Muslim cavalry under khalid's command attacked Roman army by reaching to them from unknown shortcut at battle of maraj-al-Debaj. [9]|
[edit] Dismissal of Khalid From Command
on 22 August 634 Caliph Abu Bakr died making Umar his successor. As Umar became caliph he retrieved khalid from command of Islamic army and appointed AbuUbaida ibn al-Jarrah as new commander of army on the basis that Abu Ubaida ( Aamir bin Abdullah) was more beloved to late prophet Mohammad then khalid, more over khalid was an overgenerous person often use to waste his money in giving gifts to his brave warriors as a reward of there bravery in battles, as for caliph Umar this money should be given to poor and needy people. Abu-Ubaida was a great man and personally a fearless and skilful fighter, but there was inevitably a slowdown in the pace of operations, as Abu Ubaida would move slowly and steadily, Whereas Khalid use to rush like a tornado from battle to battle, using surprise, audacity and violence to win his battles.the conquest of Syria continued under new commander in chief. Abu-Ubaida use rely heavily on the advice of Khalid, whom he kept beside him as much as possible. [10]
[edit] further Conquest
soon after appointment of Abu-Ubaida as a commander in chief , He sent khalid to rescue Islamic army trapped among Romans at Abu-al-Quds, khalid reached there and defeated them in the battle of Abu-al-Quds on 15 October 634 A.C. Abu-Ubaida made khalid commander of Islamic cavalry. emperor Heraclius assembled an other army to retreat Muslims from Syria at the plain of fahal.Muslims to moved to fahal khalid commanding cavalry of army reached there first Muslims defeated them at the battle of fahal on 23rd January 635 A.C.after the battle abu ubaida along with khalid moved towards emesa city khalid was as usual commanding the cavalry, meanwhile emperor Heraclius sent General theodras to damascus to recapture it as there was only a weak defensive army in the city. Theodras met Muslim army at maraj-al-Rome, and moved with half of his army towards Damascus at night, while abu ubaida and khalid were engaged with remaining Roman army. khalid's spy told him about his move, he asked abu ubaida to give him permission to went to Damascus and defend it, he than moved to damascus with his cavalry, abu ubaida defeated Roman army in the battle of maraj-al-rome while khalid attacked and defeated theodras in 2nd battle of damascus. after a week of this battle abu ubaida himself moved towards balaq, while sent khalid straight towards emesa, both cities surrendered and agree to pay tribute.Emesa and Qasreen city signed one year peace treaty.in November 635 khalid along with abu ubaida moved towards hamma city , it surrendered and agree to pay tribute, later abu ubaida sent khalid to shairzer, afamia and matar-al-hamz all surrendered to khalid.meanwhile city of Qasreen and emesa broke peace treaty, abu ubaida decided to conquer emessa first and sent khalid there he defeated Roman army in 1st Battle of emesa,Roman retreated and ensieged in castle of emessa.soon abu ubaida reached emessa with rest of his army, he gave command of siege to khalid, khalid defeated Romans once again in 2nd battle of emesa and finally conquered the city after 3rd battle of emesa after two months of siege on March 636 A.C. after this abu ubaida sent khalid to conquer northern syria he defeated there a small group of roman soldiers in a skirmish and take many as prison, these prisoner told him about Emperor Heraclius's Final effort to take back the Roman province of Syria. They told him that an army possibly of a size of two hundred thousand 200,000 will soon emerge to take back there land.khalid stopped there. on June 636 A.C this huge army set out for there destination.as soon as Muslim's commander abu ubaida got this new he gathered all his officers to decide there next step.khalid gave suggestion that they should call all of there forces present in province of Syria ( Syria, Jordan, palastine, Israel) to make a power full joined force of Muslims and then moved towards the plain of yarmouk for the battle. Abu ubaida ordered all Muslim commanders to withdraw from the conquered areas and pay back there tribute to them and moved towards yermuk. Hercules army also moved towards yermuk, Muslims reached there in July 636 A.C after week or two Roman army appeared.in mid July there was a skirmish between khalid's cavalry and Christian Arab auxiliaries of Roman army.khalid defeated them .for a whole month there was peace in the plain of yermuk, on third week of August Battle of Yarmouk was fought which lasted for 6 days, during this battle Abu-Ubaida transferred the whole command of Islamic army to khalid, he commanded Muslims and defeated byzantine army.on October 636 A.C abu ubaida helda meating with his high command officers including khalid to decide future conquests, they decided to conquer jerusalem.siege of Jerusalem lasted for 4 months finally city agree to surrendered, but only to caliph. Amr-bin al-eas gave a suggestion that khalid should be sent as a caliph ,because of very height face resemblance between khalid and caliph umar.but they recognized him.later caliph umar came and city surrendered on April 637 A.C.after the victory Abu ubaida sent the commanders Amr bin al-eas, yazid bin abu sufyan, and sharjeel bin hassana back to there areas to reconquer them, most of the areas submitted with out fight.abu ubaida himself along with khalid moved to northern syria once again to conquer them with 17000 army.khalid along with his cavalry was sent to hazir, and abu ubaida moved to qasreen city. khalid defeated a strong Roman army in the battle of hazir and reached Qasreen before abu ubaida.city surrendered to khalid soon abu ubaida arrived.city fall in June 637 A.C.Abu ubaida then moved to Aleppo city (halb city ) as usual khalid was commanding the cavalry.after 3 battles of halb city finally agree to surrendered in October 637 A.C.after this abu ubaida and khalid moved towards Antakya (also known as Antioch) city, in there way to intakya Roman army stopped them near a river on which there was an iron bridge, because of this following battle is known as battle of iron bridge.Muslims defeated them and city of antaqia surrendered on 30th October 637 A.C.Abu Ubaida sent khalid to conquer the remaining cities khalid in series of small battles conquered the cities of lazkia , Jabla and Tertoos..Abu-Ubaida sent khalid to conquer north eastern Syria he conquered all the areas up to maneeg city, and finished all resistance up to river euphrates.After these conquests khalid return to abu ubaida at aleppo city in January 637 A.C.later this year Abu ubaida sent khalid and an other general Ayaz bin ghanam separately with armies.khalid's destination was Maresh city, which was conquered in autumn 638 A.C from maresh city khalid return to Halb (aleppo) and Abu-Ubaida made him Governor of Qasreen city.the conquest of Maresh city was khalid's last battle. [11]|
[edit] Dismissal from army
Before his expedition to Marash, Khalid had a special bath. He had with him a certain substance prepared with an alcoholic mixture, which was supposed to have a soothing effect on the body when applied externally. Khalid rubbed his body with this substance and thoroughly enjoyed his bath, from which he emerged glowing and refreshed. Caliph Umar's spies reported this incident to him. A few weeks later he received a letter from the Caliph in which he was asked about this, as this substance contained alcohol, which is forbidden in Islam. Khalid felt that this was carrying the Muslim ban on alcohol a bit too far. He was thoroughly conversant with the Holy Quran and knew that the Quranic verses on alcohol dealt only with the drinking of it, and that the injunction against strong drink was intended to eliminate the evils of drunkenness and alcoholism. Khalid wrote back to Umar and explained the method of preparation of the offending substance with the alcoholic mixture and the cleaning of it by boiling. Shortly after Khalid's capture of Marash, in the autumn of 638 (17 Hijri), Umar came to know of Ash'as reciting a poem in praise of Khalid and receiving a gift of 10,000 dirhams. This was more than the Caliph could take. He immediately wrote a letter to AbuUbaida ibn al-Jarrah asking him to bring Khalid in front of the congregation, tie his hands with his turban and take off his cap. He wanted Abu Ubaida to ask him from what funds he gave to Ash'as: from his own pocket or from the spoils acquired in the expedition? If he confessesed to having given from the spoils, he was guilty of misappropriation. If he claimed that he gave from his own pocket, he was guilty of extravagance. In either case he would be dismissed, and Abu Ubaida would take charge of his duties. Abu Ubaida was himself an admirer of Khalid bin Walid and loved him as his younger brother, and so he said he was not capable of doing it. Instead, Bilal was appointed for this task and called back Khalid from Qasreen to Emessa, where he was charged publicly. Khalid stated that he gave money from his own pocket and thus was declared innocent in that charge. However, when he went to Abu Ubaida, he told him that he had been dismissed on the order of caliph Umar.
Khalid went to Qasreen and said good bye to his army. He then went to Madina to meet caliph Umar. He protested about what he considered to be unjustice. Umar praised him in these words:
| You have done And no man has done as you have done But it is not people who do It is Allah who does. |
Later Caliph Umar explained his dismissal of Khalid:
| "I have not dismissed Khalid because of my anger or because of any dishonesty on his part, but because people glorified him and were misled. I feared that people would rely on him. I want them to know that it is Allah who does all things; and there should be no mischief in the land." |
Thus did Khalid's immensely successful military career end.[12]
[edit] Death
Although it is believed that relations between `Umar and Khalid, cousins, were always something short of cordial, Khalid apparently harbored no ill-will. Upon his death, he bequeathed his property to `Umar and made him the executor of his will and estate.[13] Khalid died and was buried in 642 in Emesa (Homs), Syria. He had wanted to die a martyr in the field of battle, and was apparently disappointed when he knew that he would die in bed. Khalid put all the torment of his soul into one last, anguished sentence:
| I die even as a camel dies. I die in bed, in shame. May the eyes of cowards never find rest in sleep! |
His tomb is now part of a mosque called Jamia Khalid ibn al-Walid (Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque). Khalid's tombstone depicts a list of over 50 victorious battles that he commanded without defeat (not including small battles). [14]
[edit] Legacy
Khalid's strategical and tactical genius was the extreme violence of his methods. To him a battle was not just a neat manoeuvre leading to a military victory, but an action of total violence ending in the total annihilation of the enemy. The manoeuvre was only an instrument for bringing about the enemy's destruction.He fought more the 75 Campaigns and remained un-defeated through out his career, a fact that Sunni Muslims and other admirers point to when claiming his legacy amongst the finest generals in history. He also remian Governor of Qasreen city. see also Undefeated military commanders,and Category:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid. [15]
[edit] Family
It is unknown how many daughters khalid had, but names of his three sons are mention in history , Sulaiman bin khalid , Abdulrehman bin khalid , Muhajir bin khalid. male line of descent from Khalid is believed to have ended with his grandson, Khalid bin Abdur-Rahman bin Khalid. [16]
[edit] Sunni view
For most Sunni Muslims, he is regarded as the finest military man their numbers have produced. Sunnis fondly remember Khalid as 'the Sword of Allah', a title given to him by Muhammad and are accordingly reverent. His illustrious record and victories against both domineering empires of the time cements his mention amongst history's most famed generals. Sunnis view her that he married Maliks wife after killing Malik.
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b c d "Khalid ibn al-Walid." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 Oct. 2006 [1]
- ^ The three leading clans of Quraish at that time were, Banu Hashim, Banu Abd-al-dar, and Banu Makhzum. The Banu Makhzum was responsible for matters of war.
- ^ Akram, Online Version Last Accessed 21 Oct 2006
- ^ Ibn Hisham: Vol. 2, page. 382 and Waqidi: Maghazi, page. 322.
- ^ al-Tabari, Victory of Islam, trans. Michael Fishbein, Albany 1997, pp. 188 ff.
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter14page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter13page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter15page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter16page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter17page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter18page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter19page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter20page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter21page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter22page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter23page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter24page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter25page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter26page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter27page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter28page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter29page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter30page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter31page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter31page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter32page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter33page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter34page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter35page1.htm http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter36page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter37page1.htm
- ^ Ahmad, Fazl (1976). Khalid Bin Walid: The Sword of Allah. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf Publishers.
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter37page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter37page1.htm
- ^ http://www.swordofallah.com/html/bookchapter37page1.htm
[edit] On-line Resources
- A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns Lahore, 1969
- *Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests
[edit] References
- A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 0-71010-104-X.
