John Forbes (General)
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John Forbes (5 September 1707 – March 11, 1759) was a British general in the French and Indian War.
Brigadier General Forbes led the Forbes Expedition that captured the French outpost at Fort Duquesne. He renamed the site Fort Pitt, the location of modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Forbes was born in Pittencrief, Fife, Scotland in 1707. The son of an army officer, Forbes intended to study medicine, but in his second year as a medical student, he decided to become a soldier. He was accepted and commissioned, in 1735, as a lieutenant in the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. He saw action in the War of the Austrian Succession. He later served in the Scots Greys and served under the Duke of Cumberland as acting quartermaster-general.
When the French and Indian War (called the Seven Years' War in Europe) broke out, Forbes was sent to the fighting in the New World. His first action in North America came in 1757 when he was dispatched to reinforce an attack on the French fortress of Louisburg in what is now Nova Scotia.
In December 1757, he was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to command an expedition to capture the French outpost of Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), which guarded the vital forks of the Ohio River. General Edward Braddock had tried and failed to capture the fort in 1755, with disastrous consequences for both the British army and Braddock himself, who was mortally wounded in an ambush. Forbes chose Lt. Colonel George Washington, who had been a member of Braddock’s campaign, to be his aide. A Swiss-born colonel of the Royal American Regiment, Henry Bouquet, also served with Forbes.
In the summer of 1758, Forbes began his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne. Forbes's plan was to complete slow and methodical march to Fort Duquesne, taking great pains to secure his lines of supply and communication with a string of forts along a newly constructed road from the Pennsylvania frontier. Rather than move on Fort Duquesne via Braddock’s road, which began in western Maryland, Forbes began his march in eastern Pennsylvania. This decision led to major political infighting among the Pennsylvanians and Virginians in his expedition. Both colonies claimed the Ohio River country. Forbes was able to quell the dissent by agreeing to improve Braddock's original road, but travel the route through Pennsylvania, which was longer but required fewer river crossings. This also gave the tactical advantage of forcing the French to divide their assets and defend both approaches.
With 7,000 regular and provincial troops, Forbes began his push from his main stores in Carlisle, Pennsylvania into the trackless wilderness of western Pennsylvania. West of Raystown (now Bedford, Pennsylvania) he cut a wagon road over the Allegheny Mountains, later known as Forbes’ Road, building a series of fortifications such as the fort at Raystown and Fort Ligonier to serve as supply depots.
Forbes authorized a reconnaissance in force. In the Battle of Fort Duquesne, during the night of Sept. 13-14, 1758, the advance column under Major James Grant was bloodily repulsed by French and Indian warriors who sallied from the fort. With this defeat, Forbes decided to wait until the spring to attack.
In the fall of 1758, Conrad Weiser arbitrated a council at Easton, Pennsylvania, during which the tribes in the Ohio Valley agreed to abandon the French. This collapse of Native American support was a factor in the French decision to abandon Fort Duquesne.
Soon after his decision to wait, Forbes received word that the French garrison at Fort Frontenac had fallen and that Fort Duquesne had been largely evacuated. Forbes decided to launch an immediate attack on the weakened fort. Forbes divided his command into three columns in preparation to make the final assault on the fortress. But the French, who were now hopelessly outnumbered, abandoned and razed Fort Duquesne before the British arrived. Forbes occupied the burned fort on November 25, 1758. He immediately ordered the construction of a new fortification to be named Fort Pitt, after British Secretary of State William Pitt the Elder.
Forbes’s health, which had been poor for much of the campaign, began a rapid decline during his occupation of Fort Pitt. On December 3, 1758, now gravely ill, Forbes began the arduous journey back to Philadelphia, leaving Colonel Hugh Mercer in command of Fort Pitt. General Forbes died in Philadelphia on March 11, 1759. He was buried in Christ Churchyard in Philadelphia.
