Jewish history in Cincinnati
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The history of the Jews in Cincinnati occupies a prominent place in the development of Jewish secular and religious life in the United States. Cincinnati is not only the oldest Jewish community west of the Allegheny Mountains but has also been an institutional center of American Reform Judaism for more than a century. The American Israelite, the longest-running Jewish weekly still published in the country, opened for business in the city in 1854.
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[edit] 19th century
[edit] Arrival of English Jews
The first Jew who settled in Cincinnati was Joseph Jonas, who arrived in the city in March 1817. Jonas was a young Jew who had decided to leave his home in Exeter, England, with the avowed intention of settling in Cincinnati. Friends in Philadelphia had endeavored to dissuade him from going to a place so isolated from all association with his coreligionists, admonishing him, "In the wilds of America, and entirely among Gentiles, you will forget your religion and your God." However, Jonas ignored their entreaties and persevered in his original purpose. For two years, he was the only Jew in the Midwestern town.
In 1819, Jonas was joined by three others, Lewis Cohen of London, Barnet Levi of Liverpool, and Jonas Levy of Exeter. On the High Holidays in the autumn of 1819, these four men, together with David Israel Johnson of Brookville, Indiana (a frontier trading-station) conducted the first Jewish service in the western half of the United States. Similar services were held the next three years. Newcomers continued to arrive, the early settlers being mostly Jews from England.
The first Jewish child born in Cincinnati, Frederick A. Johnson (June 2, 1821), was the son of the abovementioned David Israel Johnson and his wife Eliza. This couple, also English, had removed to Cincinnati from Brookville, where they had first settled. The first couple to be married were Morris Symonds and Rebekah Hyams, whose wedding was celebrated on September 15, 1824. The first death in the community was that of Benjamin Leib (or Lape) in 1821. This man, who had not been known as a Jew, when he felt death to be approaching, asked that three of the Jewish residents of the town be called. He disclosed to them that he was a Jew. He had married a Christian wife, and had reared his children as Christians, but he begged to be buried as a Jew. There was no Jewish burial-ground in the town. The few Jews living in the city at once proceeded to acquire a small plot of ground to be used as a cemetery and buried him there. It is known as the Old Jewish Cemetery, Cincinnati, this plot, which was afterward enlarged, was used as the cemetery of the Jewish community till the year 1849, after the Cholera epidemic.[1] At present this Cemetery (oldest west of the Alleghenies) is situated in the heart of the city, on the Chestnut Street near Central Avenue, in the Old West End.
There were not enough settlers to form a congregation till the year 1824, when the number of Jewish inhabitants of the town had reached about twenty. On January 4 that year a preliminary meeting was held to consider the advisability of organizing a congregation. Two weeks later, on January 18, the Congregation B'ne Israel was formally organized; those in attendance were Solomon Buckingham, David I. Johnson, Joseph Jonas, Samuel Jonas, Jonas Levy, Morris Moses, Phineas Moses, Simeon Moses, Solomon Moses, and Morris Symonds. On January 8, 1830, the Ohio General Assembly granted the congregation a charter whereby it was incorporated under the laws of the state.
For twelve years the congregation worshiped in a room rented for the purpose; but during all this time the small congregation was exerting itself to secure a permanent home. Appeals were made to the Jewish congregations in various parts of the country. Philadelphia, Charleston, and New Orleans lent their assistance. Contributions were even received from Portsmouth, England, whence a number of Cincinnatians had emigrated, and from Barbados in the West Indies. On June 11, 1835, the cornerstone of the first synagogue was laid; and on September 9, 1836, the synagogue was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. The members of the congregation had conducted the services up to this time. The first official reader was Joseph Samuels. He served a very short time, and was succeeded by Henry Harris, who was followed in 1838 by Hart Judah.
[edit] Early Religious Institutions
The first benevolent association was organized in 1838 with Phineas Moses as president: its object was to assist needy coreligionists. The first religious school was established in 1842, Mrs. Louisa Symonds becoming its first superintendent. This school was short-lived. In 1845 a Talmud Torah school was established, which gave way the following year to the Hebrew Institute, established by James K. Gutheim. This also flourished but a short time; when Gutheim departed for New Orleans, the career of the institute closed.
[edit] Center for Reform Judaism
During the 1830s, quite a number of German Jews arrived in the city. These Jews belonged to the Reform movement which had begun in Germany and were not in sympathy with their English coreligionists, and determined to form another congregation. On September 19, 1841, the B'ne Yeshurun congregation was organized by the Germans, and was incorporated under the laws of the state February 28, 1842. The first reader was Simon Bamberger. In 1847 James K. Gutheim was elected lecturer and reader of the congregation. He served till 1848, and was succeeded by H. A. Henry and A. Rosenfeld. In April 1854, Isaac Mayer Wise became the first rabbi of the B'ne Yeshurun congregation, and the B'ne Israel congregation followed suit by hiring Max Lilienthal in June 1855. These leadership appointments gave the Jewish community of Cincinnati a commanding position. Owing to their efforts, Cincinnati became a center of Jewish life in America and the seat of a number of organizations that were national in scope. The great institutions of Reform Judaism, namely, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC, 1873), the Hebrew Union College (HUC, 1875), the Hebrew Sabbath-School Union (1886), and the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR, 1889) were all founded in Cincinnati. In 1950, the UAHC moved its headquarters to the demographic center of American Jewry in New York City [2].
Dr. Lilienthal died in office April 5, 1882. He was succeeded as rabbi of the Congregation B'ne Israel by Raphael Benjamin, who served till November 1888, when the present incumbent, Dr. David Philipson, took charge of the congregation. Dr. Wise served as rabbi of the B'ne Yeshurun congregation till the day of his death, March 26, 1900; being succeeded by his associate, Dr. Louis Grossman. Dr. Grossman had been preceded as associate rabbi by Rabbi Charles S. Levi, who served from September 1889 to September 1898.
[edit] Educational Work
The other congregations of the city, which continued to adhere to Orthodoxy, were the Adath Israel, organized in 1847; the Ahabath Achim, organized in 1848; and the Sherith Israel, organized in 1855. There were also a number of smaller congregations. Each of these congregations conducted its own religious school, and there were also two free religious schools; one holding its sessions in the schoolrooms of the Mound Street Temple (B'ne Israel), and the other, conducted under the auspices of the local branch of the Council of Jewish Women, meeting at the Jewish Settlement. A large Talmud Torah school was conducted by the Talmud Torah Association on Barr Street. The Hebrew Union College is located in Cincinnati. Night classes for various English and industrial branches of study are a feature of the work of the Jewish Settlement. The Jewish Kitchen Garden Association conducts a large school for girls in the building of the United Jewish Charities every Sunday morning, where instruction is given in dressmaking, millinery, housekeeping, cooking, stenography, typewriting, and allied subjects. An industrial school for girls was conducted during the summer months in the vestry-rooms of the Plum street temple (B'ne Yeshurun), and one for boys during the school year in the Ohio Mechanics Institute building. There was a training-school for nurses in connection with the Jewish Hospital.
The Jewish charities of Cincinnati were exceptionally well organized. All the relief and educational agencies joined their forces in April, 1896, and formed the United Jewish Charities. This body comprised the following federated societies: Hebrew General Relief Association, Jewish Ladies' Sewing Society, Jewish Foster Home, Jewish Kitchen Garden Association, Boys' Industrial School, Girls' Industrial School, and Society for the Relief of Jewish Sick Poor. The United Charities also granted an annual subvention to the Denver Hospital for Consumptives and to the local Jewish Settlement Association. The seat of the National Jewish Charities is also in Cincinnati, where the national organization was called into being in May 1899. Besides the United Jewish Charities, Cincinnati supported the Jewish Hospital and the Home for the Jewish Aged and Infirm, and was one of the largest contributors to the Jewish Orphan Asylum at Cleveland.
The Jews of Cincinnati participated actively in civic life and filled many local positions of trust, as well as state, judicial, and governmental offices. Henry Mack, Charles Fleischmann, James Brown, and Alfred M. Cohen were elected members of the State Senate, and Joseph Jonas, Jacob Wolf, Daniel Wolf, and Harry M. Hoffheimer served in the State House of Representatives. Jacob Shroder was judge of the court of common pleas for a number of years, and Frederick S. Spiegel held the same position as of 1902. Julius Fleischmann was the mayor of the city. Nathaniel Newburgh was appointed appraiser of merchandise by President Cleveland during his first administration, and Bernhard Bettmann was collector of internal revenue since 1897.
The Jewish newspapers published in Cincinnati were The American Israelite, established 1854, and Die Deborah, established 1855; The Sabbath Visitor, established 1874, was discontinued in 1892.
In 1900, the estimated Jewish population of the city stood around 15,000, in a total population of 325,902.
[edit] Early 20th century
[edit] 1960s and after
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
- Jewish Encyclopedia
- By : Cyrus Adler & David Philipson
