Intendente
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Intendente is both a Spanish and Portuguese word, derived fom the French Intendant (introduced by the common Bourbon dynasty), for various functions, some comparable to the (derived) English words Superintendant/ Superintendent.
This article concentrates on the major administrative use in Spanish: governor of a Spanish colonial administrative unit, called intendencia after him, which was part of a viceroyalty, and often called after its capital.
This article (under construction) intends to give an overview of colonial units of that echelon, but includes some equivalent gubernatorial titles as well.
Contents
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[edit] Provinces of New Spain
[edit] Californias
[edit] Time line of Californias
- 28 September 1542- First European landing by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo.
- 4 November 1595- Sebastián Rodríguez Cermenho claims the coast for Spain.
- 1697- Missions erected in Baja California, part of New Spain.
- 1768- Spanish settlement begins.
- 3 June 1770- Province of Las Californias (plural), part of the colony of New Spain.
- 1804- Separate administrations for Alta California and Baja California.
- 11 April 1822- Both provinces part of independent Mexico as the territories of Baja and Alta California.
[edit] Governors or Intendente of Californias
- 1768 - 9 July 1770 Gaspar de Portolá (b. 1723 - d. 1786)
- 9 July 1770 - 23 March 1774 Pedro Fages (b. 1730 - d. 1796?)
- 23 March 1774 - 3 February 1777 Fernando José Rivera y Mondada (b. 1724 - d. 1781)
- 3 February 1777 - 7 September 1782 Felipe de Neve (b. 1728 - d. 1784)
- 7 September 1782 - 17 April 1791 Pedro Fages (s.a.)
- 17 April 1791 - 9 April 1792 José Antonio de Roméu, conde de Riverra Gigado (b. 1842 - d. 1792)
- 9 April 1792 - Nov 1794 José Joaquín de Arillaga (First time)(b. 1750 - d. 1814) (acting)
- Nov 1794 - 16 January 1800 Diego de Borica (b. 1742 - d. 1800)
- 16 January 1800 - 11 March 1802 Pedro de Alberni (acting) (b. 1747 - d. 1802)
- 11 March 1802 - 1804 José Joaquín de Arillaga (Second time)(s.a.)
[edit] Alta California (presently US state California)
[edit] Governors
- 1804 - 25 July 1814 José Joaquín de Arillaga (s.a.)
- 25 July 1814 - 15 August 1815 José Darío Argüello (acting) (b. 1754 - d. 1828)
- 15 August 1815 - 11 April 1822 Pablo Vicente Solá (b. 1761 - d. c.1826)
[edit] Baja California (presently Mexican)
[edit] Governors
- 1804 - 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga (s.a.)
- 1806 - 1814 Felipe de Goycoechea
- 1814 - 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello (s.a.)
[edit] Chiapas
- 1529 Province of Chiapas; part of colonial Guatemala.
- 1576 Alcaldía Mayor of Ciudad Real de Chiapa
- 1769 Divided into Alcaldía Mayor of Ciudad Real and Alcaldía Mayor of Tuxtla
- 20 September 1786 Intendencia of Ciudad Real de Chiapas.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Lieutenant-governors
- 1528 - 1529 Diego de Mazariegos
- 1529 - 1531 Juan Enríquez de Guzmán
- 1531 Diego de Olguín
- 1532 - 1535 Francisco Ortés de Velasco (First time)
- 1535 - 1537 García de Padilla
- 1537 - 1540 Baltazar Guerra de la Vega
- 1540 Gonzalo de Ovalle (First time)
- 1540 García de Mendano (First time)
- 1540 - 1542 Francisco de Montejo
- 1542 - 1544 García de Mendano (Second time)
- 1544 Antonio de Saz y de la Torre
- 1545 Luis de Torres Medinilla
- 1545 Francisco Ortés de Velasco (Second time)
- 1545 Gonzalo de Ovalle (Second time)
- 1545 - 1553 Alcaldes
- 1553 - 1556 Antonio Alfonso Mazariegos
- 1556 - 1570 Francisco Ortés de Velasco (Third time)
- 1570 Francisco del Valle Marroquín
- 1570 - 1576 Juan de Meza
[edit] Alcalde Mayors
- 1577 - 1581 Juan de Meza
- 1582 - 1586 Gaspar de Padilla
- 1586 - 1593 Pedro Martínez (First time)
- 1593 Martín Núñez
- 1594 - 1595 Pedro Martínez (Second time)
- 1596 - 1598 Alonso Bernaldez de Quiroz
- 1599 Baltazar Muriel de Valdivieso (First time)
- 1600 Bernardo Quiroz y Aguilera
- 1601 - 1610 Baltazar Muriel de Valdivieso (Second time)
- 1610 - 1616 Gabriel de Loarte y Ovalle
- 1617 Pedro Urbina de Cervera
- 1617 - 1620 Agustín García de Albornoz Legaspi
- 1620 Gabriel de Orellana
- 1621 - 1627 Gabriel de Ugarte y Ayala
- 1627 Baltazar Caso
- 1628 - 1633 Juan Ruiz de Contreras (First time)
- 1633 José Sánchez Serrano
- 1634 Juan Ruiz de Contreras (Second time)
- 1634 - 1638 Francisco de Ávila y Lugo (First time)
- 1638 Diego Carrillo
- 1639 Francisco de Ávila y Lugo (Second time)
- 1639 - 1646 Diego de Vera Ordóñez de Villa Quirán
- 1646 - 1650 Melchor Sardo de Céspedes
- 1650 Pedro Lara de Mongrovejo (First time)
- 1650 - 1656 Alonso Vargas Zapata y Luján
- 1656 - 1660 Baltazar Caso Ponce de León (First time)
- 1660 Pedro López Ramales
- 1661 Baltazar Caso Ponce de León (Second time)
- 1662 - 1666 Fernando Álvarez de Aguiar
- 1666 Pedro de Zavaleta
- 1667 Pedro Lara de Mongrovejo (Second time)
- 1667 - 1670 Agustín Sáenz Vázquez
- 1670 Andrés de Ochoa Zárate
- 1671 - 1682 Juan Bautista González del Álamo
- 1682 José de Oruéta
- 1683 - 1685 Martínez de Urdaniz
- 1685 - 1693 Manuel de Mayesterra y Atocha
- 1693 - 1695 Francisco Vadillo (First time)
- 1695 Melchor de Mencos
- 1696 - 1697 Francisco Vadillo (Second time)
- 1698 Francisco Astudillo Sardo
- 1698 - 1708 Martín González de Vergara y Pardo
- 1708 Gaspar de Sierra
- 1709 Manuel de Bustamante (First time)
- 1709 Francisco Ballesteros
- 1710 - 1712 Pedro Gutiérrez de Mier y Terán
- 1712 Fernando del Monge (First time)
- 1712 - 1714 Melchor Sardo de Céspedes
- 1714 - 1719 Manuel de Bustamante (Second time)
- 1720 Carlos Vélez y Arriaga
- 1720 José Damián Fernández de Córdoba
- 1721 - 1724 José Damián Cruz de Córdob
- 1725 - 1728 Martín José de Bustamante
- 1728 - 1730 Antonio Varela y Moreno
- 1730 Gabriel Francisco Laguna
- 1731 Fernando del Monge (Second time)
- 1732 - 1737 Pedro José Caballero
- 1734 Antonio de la Unquera y Cevallos
- 1735 - 1736 Gabriel Francisco Laguna
- 1737 Miguel Fernández Romero
- 1737 Baltazar González de Vega
- 1738 - 1743 Antonio Zuazua y Mújica
- 1744 - 1746 Juan Bautista Garracín
- 1746 - 1751 Francisco Ángel de Elías
- 1752 Juan José Bocanegra
- 1753 - 1754 José Ángel Toledo
- 1755 - 1758 Manuel Ortiz
- 1758 Miguel Ignacio Viurrum
- 1759 - 1760 Antonio de Obeso
- 1761 - 1765 Joaquín Fernández Prieto Isla y Bustamante
- 1765 - 1767 Tomás de Murga
- 1767 - 1768 Fernando Gómez de Andrade
[edit] Alcaldes Mayor of Ciudad Real
- 1770 - 1772 Esteban Gutiérrez de la Torre
- 1772 - 1785 Cristóbal Ortiz de Avilés
- 1785 Ignacio Coronado
- 1786 Antonio Gutiérrez de Arce
- 1786 Alonso de Vargas
[edit] Alcaldes Mayor of Tuxtla
- 1769 - 1777 Juan de Oliver
- 1778 - 1783 Luis de Engrava y Ovalle
- 1783 - 1786 Miguel del Pino y Martínez
[edit] Governor/Intendants
- 1786 - 1789 Francisco Saavedra Carbajal
- 1789 - 1794 Agustín de las Cuentas y Zayas
- 1794 Francisco Durán
- 1794 Luis Martínez
- 1795 Tomás Mollinedo
- 1796 - 1802 Antonio Norberto Serrano Polo
- 1802 - 1807 Manuel de Olazábal
- 1807 Mariano Valero
- 1807 - 1809 Tomás de Mollinedo y Villavicencio
- 1809 Manuel Junquito y Baquerizo (First time)
- 1810 Manuel Ramírez
- 1811 - 1814 Manuel Junquito y Baquerizo (Second time)
- 1814 Juan Nepomuceno Batres
- 1814 Antonio Gutiérrez de Arce
- 1815 Gregorio Suasnávar
- 1816 Juan Antonio López
- 1817 - 1818 Juan María de Ancheita
- 1819 Carlos Castañón
- 1819 - 1821 Juan Nepomuceno Batres
[edit] Coahuila
- 1575 Part of Nueva Vizcaya, part of New Spain.
- 23 January 1691 Province of Coahuila and Texas (within New Spain).
- 1716 Coahuila a separate province.
- 1777 - 1822 Part of the Provincias Internas.
- 1822 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Governors
- 1698 - 1703 Francisco Cuervo y Valdés
- 1703 - 1705 Matías de Aguirre
- 1705 - 1708 Martín de Alarcón
- 1708 - 1714 Simón de Padilla y Córdova
- 1714 Pedro Fermín de Echever y Subiza
- 1714 - 1716 Juan de Valdes
- 1716 - 1717 José Antonio de Eca y Múzquiz
- 1717 - 1719 Martín de Alarcón
- 1719 - 1722 José Azlo y Virto de Vera, marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo
- 1722 - 1729 Blas de la Garza Falcón (First time)
- 1729 - 1733 Manuel de Sandoval
- 1733 - 1735 Blas de la Garza Falcón (Second time)
- 1735 - 1739 Clemente de la Garza Falcón
- 1739 - 1744 Juan García Pruneda
- 1744 - 1754 Pedro de Rábago y Terán
- 1754 - 1756 Manuel Antonio Bustillos y Ceballos
- 1756 - 1757 Miguel de Sesman y Escudero
- 1757 - 1759 Ángel Martos y Navarrette
- 1759 - 1762 Jacinto de Barríos y Jáguregui (First time)
- 1762 - 1764 Lorenzo Cancio Sierra y Cienfuegos
- 1764 - 1765 Diego Ortiz Parrilla
- 1765 - 1768 Jacinto de Barríos y Jáguregui (Second time)
- 1768 - 1769 José Costilla y Terán
- 1769 - 1777 Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyola
- 1777 - 1783 Juan de Ugalde
- 1783 - 1788 Pedro Fueros
- 1788 - 1790 Juan Gutiérrez de la Cueva (First time)
- 1790 - 1795 Miguel Jose de Emparán
- 1795 - 1797 Juan Gutiérrez de la Cueva (Second time)
- 1797 - 1805 Antonio Cordero y Bustamante (First time)
- 1805 - 1809 José Joaquín de Ugarte
- 1809 - 1817 Antonio Cordero y Bustamante (Second time)
- 1817 - 1818 Antonio García de Tejada
- 1818 - 1819 José Franco
- 1819 - 1820 Manuel Pardo
- 1820 - 1822 Antonio Elosúa
[edit] Florida (1699-1763)
Apparently none of its governors was styled intendente.
- 1565 a Spanish colony (to 1763 part of New Spain, then subordinated to Cuba).
- 10 February 1763 Traded to Britain (exchanged for Cuba); division into two colonies, East Florida and West Florida.
- 9 May 1781 West Florida retaken by Spain.
- 23 September 1783 Formally returned to Spain (subordinated to Cuba).
- 22 February 1819 Ceded to U.S. by Adams-Onís Treaty.
[edit] Guanajuato
- 1787 Intendecia of Guanajuato, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Intendants
- 1787 - 1790 Andrés de Amat y Torosa
- 1790 - 1792 Pedro José Soriano
- 1792 - 1810 Juan Antonio Riaño y Barcena de los Cuentos y Velarde
- 1810 - 1821 Fernando Pérez Marañón
[edit] Guatemala (Central America)
see Guatemala
[edit] Nueva Galicia (Guadalajara)
- 1531 Province of Nueva Galicia, part of New Spain.
- 1545 Alcaldia Mayor of Nueva Galicia
- 1549 Audiencia of Nueva Galicia
- 1787 Indendencia of Guadalajara.
- 1821 Guadalajara part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Governor/Presidents
- 1679 - 1702 Alonso de Ceballos y Villagutierre
- 1702 - 1703 Antonio Hipólito de Abarca Vidal y Valda
- 1703 - 1708 Juan de Escalante Colombres y Mendoza
- 1708 - 1716 Toribio Rodríguez de Solís
- 1716 - 1724 Tomás Terán de los Ríos
- 1724 - 1727 Nicolás Rivera y Santa Cruz
- 1727 - 1732 Tomás Rivera y Santa Cruz
- 1732 - 1737 José Barragán de Burgos
- 1737 - 1743 Francisco de Aiza, marqués del Castillo de Aiza
- 1743 - 1751 Fermín de Echevers y Subiza
- 1751 - 1760 José de Basarte y Borán
- 1760 - 1761 Francisco Galindo Quiñónes y Barrientos (First time)
- 1761 - 1764 Pedro Montesinos de Lara
- 1764 - 1771 Francisco Galinod Quiñónes y Barrientos (Second time)
- 1771 - 1776 Eusebio Sánchez Pareja y Beleño (First time)
- 1776 - 1777 Ruperto Vicente de Luyando
- 1777 - 1786 Eusebio Sánchez Pareja y Beleño (Second time)
[edit] Governor/Intendants
- 1787 - 1791 Antonio de Villaurrutia y Salcedo
- 1791 - 1798 Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyola
- 1800 - 1804 José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
- 1804 - 1805 José Ignacio Ortiz de Salinas
- 1805 - 1811 Roque Abarca
- 1811 - 1821 José de la Cruz
[edit] Nuevo León
- 1582 Province of Nuevo Reino de León, part of New Spain.
- 1777 - 1793 Part of the Provincias Internas.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Governors
- 1698 - 1703 Juan Francisco de Vergara y Mendoza
- 1703 - 1705 Francisco Báez Treviño (First time) (interim)
- 1705 - 1707 Gregorio de Salinas Verona
- 1707 - 1708 Cipriano García de Pruneda
- 1708 - 1710 Luis García de Pruneda (interim)
- 1710 - 1714 Francisco Mier y Torre
- 1714 - 1718 Francisco Báez Treviño (Second time) (interim)
- 1718 - 1719 Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón
- 1719 - 1723 Francisco de Bardadillo y Vittoria
- 1723 - 1725 Juan José de Arriaga y Brambila
- 1725 - 1730 Pedro de Saravia Cortés
- 1730 - 1731 Bernardino de Meneses Monroy y Mendonza Bracamonte, conde de Peñalba
- 1731 - 1740 José Antonio Fernández de Jáuregui y Urrita
- 1740 - 1746 Pedro del Barrío Junbco y Espriella (First time)
- 1746 - 1752 Vicente Bueno de la Borbolla
- 1752 - 1757 Pedro del Barrío Junbco y Espriella (Second time)
- 1757 - 1759 Domingo Miguel Guajardo (interim)
- 1759 - 1762 Juan Manuel Muñoz de Villavicencio
- 1762 - 1764 Carlos de Velasco
- 1764 - 1772 Ignacio Ussel y Guimbarda
- 1772 - 1773 Francsico de Echegaray
- 1773 - 1781 Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena
- 1781 - 1785 Vicente González de Santianes
- 1785 - 1795 Joaquín de Mier y Noriega
- 1795 - 1805 Simón de Herrera y Leyva
- 1805 - 1810 Pedro de Herrera y Leyva
- 1810 - 1811 Manuel de Santa Maria
- 1813 Ramón Díaz Bustamante
- 1812 - 1817 Alcaldes
- 1817 - 1818 Bernardo Villareal
- 1818 - 1821 Francisco Bruno Barrea
[edit] Nuevo México (1696-1822)
Apparently none of its governors was styled Intendente
- 1595 Spanish colony of Nuevo Mexico (Spanish for 'New Mexico'; part of New Spain: see Mexico).
- 1822 Province of Mexico.
- 14 October 1824 Territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México
[edit] Nuevo Santander
- 1746 Spanish settlement begins.
- 1748 Province of Nuevo Santander; part of New Spain.
- 1777 - 1793 Part of Provincias Internas.
- 1812 - 1822 Part of Provincias Internas.
- 1822 Part of independent Mexico as Tamaulipas.
[edit] Governors
- 31 May 1748 - 8 April 1767 José de Escandón y Helguera
- 8 April 1767 - 20 January 1768 Juan Fernando de Palacio
- 20 January 1768 - 18 September 1769 José Rubio
- 18 September 1769 - 12 August 1777 Vicente González Santianés
- Aug 1777 - 19 February 1779 Francisco de Echegaray
- 19 February 1779 - 17 April 1779 Vacant
- 17 April 1779 - 21 November 1779 Manuel Medina
- 21 November 1779 - 17 February 1780 Vacant
- 17 February 1780 - 17 March 1781 Manuel Ignacio de Escandón (First time)
- 17 March 1781 - 20 February 1786 Diego Lazaga
- 20 February 1786 - 23 December 1788 Juan Miguel Zozaya (First time)
- 23 December 1788 - 18 June 1789 Melchor Vidal de Lorca
- 20 June 1789 - 10 September 1789 Juan Miguel Zozaya (Second time)
- 10 September 1789 - 10 July 1790 Manuel Muñoz
- 10 July 1790 - 21 May 1800 Manuel Ignacio de Escandón (Second time)
- 21 May 1800 - Jan 1802 José Blanco
Jan 1802 - 18 April 1804 Francisco de Ixart
- 18 April 1804 - 18 September 1804 Pedro de Alba
- 18 September 1804 - 15 April 1811 Manuel de Iturbe e Iraeta
- 15 April 1811 - 1 May 1819 Joaquín de Arredondo
Sep 1811 - Sep 1812 Juan Fermín de Janicotena (acting)
- 1 May 1819 - 7 July 1821 José María Echeagaray
- 7 July 1821 - 22 September 1822 Felipe de la Garza Cisneros
[edit] Nueva Vizcaya
- 1562 Province of Nueva Vizcaya, part of New Spain.
- 1777 - 1821 Part of the Provincias Internas.
- 1786 Intendencia of Durango
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico (from 1823, as Durango).
[edit] Governors
- 1698 - 1703 Juan Bautista de Larrea Palomino y Solís
- 1703 - 1708 Juan Fernández de Córdoba
- 1708 - 1714 Antonio de Deza y Ulloa
- 1714 - 1720 Juan Manuel de San Juan y Santa Cruz
- 1720 - 1723 Martín de Alday
- 1723 - 1727 José Sebastián López de Carvajal
- 1728 - 1733 Ignacio Francisco de Barrutia y Aeta Esenagucia
- 1733 - 1738 Juan José Vértiz y Ontañón
- 1738 - 1743 Juan Bautista de Belaunzarán y Zumeta
- 1743 - 1748 José Enrique de Cosío, marqués de Torre Campo
- 1748 - 1753 Jaun Francico de la Puerta y de la Barrera
- 1753 - 1761 Mateo Antonio de Mendoza Díaz de Arce
- 1761 - 1769 José Carlos de Agüero y González de Agüero
- 1769 - 1776 José de Fayni y Gálvez
- 1776 - 1784 Felipe de Barri
- 1784 - 1785 Juan Velázquez
- 1785 Manuel Muñoz
- 1785 - 1786 Manuel Flon y Tejada, conde de la Cadena
[edit] Governor/Intendants
- 1786 - 1791 Felipe Díaz de Ortega Bustillo
- 1791 - 1793 Francisco Antonio de Potau y de Colón de Portugal
- 1793 - 1796 Francisco José de Urrutia Montoya
- 1796 - 1813 Bernardo Bonavia y Zapata
- 1813 - 1817 Alejo Garcia Conde
- 1817 - 1818 Angel Pinilla y Pérez
- 1818 - 1819 Antonio Cordero y Bustamante
- 1819 - 1821 Diego García Conde
[edit] Oaxaca
- 1787 Intendencia of Oaxaca, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Intendants
- 1787 - 1808 Antonio de Mora y Peysal
- 1808 - 1810 Antonio María Izquierdo de la Torre
- 1810 - 1814 Joseph María Lazo y Nacarino
- 1814 - 1816 Francisco Rendón (First time)
- 1816 - 1818 Antonio Basilio Gutiérrez de Ulloa
- 1818 - 1821 Francisco Rendón (Second time)
[edit] Provincias Internas
- 1777 Provincias Internas created, part of New Spain.
- 1788 - 1793 Divided into eastern [Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo León, Nuevo Santander] and western [Sonora, Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo México]) portions.
- 1793 Nuevo León and Nuevo Santander removed from the Provincias Internas.
- 1812 Nuevo Santander part of the Provincias Internas.
- 1813 - 1821 Re-divided into eastern and western parts.
[edit] Commandants-general
- 1777 - 1783 Teodoro Francisco de Croix, conde de Croix
- 1783 - 1784 Felipe de Neve
- 1784 - 1786 José Antonio Rengel de Alcaraz y Páez
- 1786 - 1788 Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola
- 1793 - 1802 Pedro de Nava
- 1802 - 1813 Nemesio Salcedo y Salcedo
[edit] Eastern provinces (oriente)
[edit] Commandants-general
- 1788 - 1791 Juan de Uglade
- 1791 - 1793 Ramón de Castro y Gutierrez
- 1813 Simón Herrera y Leyva
- 1813 - 1817 Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño Pelegrin y Bustamante
[edit] Puebla
- 1787 Intendencia of Puebla, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Intendants
- 1787 - 1811 Manuel Flón y Tejada, conde de la Cadena
- 1811 - 1812 García Dávila
- 1812 Santiago de Irissari
- 1812 - 1813 Prudencio de Guadalfajara y Aguilera, conde de Castro Terreño
- 1814 Ramón Díaz Ortega
- 1814 - 1815 José Moreno y Daioz
- 1815 - 1816 Joaquín Estévez
- 1816 - 1821 Ciriaco del Llano
[edit] San Luis Potosí
- 1787 Intendencia of San Luis Potosí, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Intendants
- 1787 - 1799 Bruno Díaz de Alcedo
- 1799 - 1800 Vicente Bernabeu
- 1800 - 1804 Onésimo Antonio Durán
- 1804 - 1805 Manuel Ampudía
- 1805 - 1809 José Ignacio Vélez
- 1809 - 1810 José Ruíz de Aguirre
- 1810 - 1821 Manuel Jacinto de Acevedo
[edit] Texas (1698-1822)
Apparently none of its governors was styled Intendente 1682 Spanish rule (part of Coahuila), part of New Spain (see Mexico). February 1685 - January 1689 French establish Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay.
- 1691 Province of Coahuila and Texas
c.1726 Coahuila and Texas separated.
- 1822 Province of Mexico.
- 14 October 1824 Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas.
- 15 November 1835 Texas ruled by Provisional Government.
- 2 March 1836 Republic of Texas
[edit] Valladolid
- 1787 Intendencia of Valladolid, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico (as part of Yucatan).
[edit] Intendants
- 1787 - 1791 Juan Antonio de Riaño y Bárcena de los Cuentos y Velarde
- 1797 - 1808 Felipe Díaz de Ortega Bustillo
- 1810 - 1821 Manuel Merino y Moreno
[edit] Vera Cruz
- 1787 Intendencia of Vera Cruz, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Intendants
- 1787 - 1790 Pedro de Corbalán
- 1790 - 1794 Pedro Fernández de Gorositza y Lorea
- 1794 - 1796 Pedro Ponce
- 1796 - 1799 Diego García Panes
- 1799 - 1810 García Dávila
- 1810 - 1812 Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya
- 1812 - 1814 Pedro Telmo Landero
- 1814 - 1815 José de Quevedo
- 1816 - 1818 José Dávila (First time)
- 1818 - 1819 Pascual Sebastián de Liñán y Dolz de Espejo
- 1819 - 1821 José Dávila (Second time)
[edit] Yucatán (Mérida)
- 1517 Claimed for Spain.
- 1519 Spanish colonization of the Yucatán peninsula begins.
- 1527 - 1543 Province of Yucatán, subordinated to Nueva España (see Mexico).
- 1543 - 1549 Subordinated to colonial "Kingdom of Guatemala".
- 1543 - 1560 Part of Captaincy of Gracias (Yucatán, Chiapas, Tabasco, Panama and Central America).
- 1549 - 1550 Subordinated to Nueva España.
- 1550 - 1560 Subordinated to Guatemala.
- 1560 Subordinated to Nueva España.
- 1617 Captaincy-general of Yucatán
- 1787 Intendencia of Mérida
- 28 September 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Governors
- 1526 - 1540 Francisco Montejo (First time)
- 1540 - 1546 Francisco Montejo, Jr.
- 1546 - 1549 Francisco Montejo (Second time)
- 1549 - 1565 Alcaldes
- 1565 - 1571 Luis de Céspedes y Oviedo
- 1571 - 1573 Diego de Santillán
- 1573 - 1577 Francisco de Solís
- 1577 - 1582 Guillén de las Casas
- 1582 - 1586 Francisco de Solís
- 1586 - 1593 Antonio de Vozmediano
- 1593 - 1595 Alonso Ordóñez de Nevares
- 1595 - 1596 Pablo Higueras de la Cerda
- 1596 - 1597 Carlos Sámano y Quiñónes
- 1597 - 1604 Diego Fernández de Velasco y Enríquez de Almansa
- 1604 - 1612 Carlos de Luna y Arellano
- 1612 - 1617 Antonio de Figueroa y Bravo
- 1617 - 1619 Francisco Ramírez Briceño
- 1619 - 1620 Alcaldes
- 1620 - 1621 Arias de Losada y Taboada
- 1621 - 1628 Diego de Cardenas y Balda
- 1628 - 1630 Juan de Vargas Machuca
- 1631 - 1633 Fernando Centeño Maldonaldo (First time)
- 1633 - 1635 Jerónimo de Quero y Jiménez
- 1635 - 1636 Fernando Centeño Maldonaldo (Second time)
- 1636 - 1643 Diego Zapata de Cárdenas, marqués de Santo Floro
- 1643 - 1644 Francisco Núñez Melián
- 1644 - 1645 Enrique de Ávila Pacheco (First time)
- 1645 - 1648 Esteban de Azcárraga y Veytias
- 1648 - 1650 Enrique de Ávila Pacheco (Second time)
- 1650 - 1652 García Valdés de Osorio Dóriga y Tiñeo, marqués de Peñalba
- 1652 - 1653 Martín Roble y Villfañe
- 1653 - 1655 Pedro Saenz Izquierdo
- 1655 - 1660 Francisco de Bazán
- 1660 - 1662 José Campero y Campos
- 1663 - 1664 Juan Francisco Esquivel y de la Rosa (First time)
- 1664 Rodrigo de Flores y Aldana (First time)
- 1664 - 1667 Juan Francisco Esquivel y de la Rosa (Second time)
- 1667 - 1669 Rodrigo de Flores y Aldana (Second time)
- 1669 - 1670 Frutos Delgado
- 1670 - 1672 Fernando Francisco de Escobedo
- 1672 - 1674 Miguel Cordornio de Sola
- 1674 - 1677 Sancho Fernández de Angulo y Sandoval
- 1677 - 1683 Antonio de Layseca y Alvarado de la Ronda
- 1683 - 1688 Juan Bruno Téllez de Guzmán
- 1688 - 1693 Juan José de la Bárcena
- 1693 - 1699 Roque Soberanis y Centeño
- 1699 - 1703 Martín de Usúa y Arismendi Aguirre y Vizcondo (First time)
- 1703 - 1706 Álvaro de Rivaguda Enciso y Luyando
- 1706 - 1708 Martín de Usúa y Arismendi Aguirre y Vizcondo, conde Lizárraga (Second time)
- 1708 - 1712 Fernando de Meneses y Bravo de Saravia
- 1712 - 1715 Alonso de Meneses y Bravo de Saravia
- 1715 - 1720 Juan Jose de Vertiz y Ontanón
- 1720 - 1724 Antonio Cortaire y Terreros
- 1724 - 1733 Antonio de Figueroa y Silva Lasso de la Vega Ladrón del Niño de Guevara
- 1733 - 1734 Juan Fernández de Sabariego
- 1734 - 1736 Santiago de Aguirre Negro y Estrada Martínez de Maturana y Estrada
- 1736 - 1743 Manuel Ignacio Salcedo y Sierra Alta y Rado y Bedia
- 1743 - 1750 Anontio de Benevides
- 1750 - 1752 Juan José de Clou, marqués de Iscar
- 1752 - 1758 Melchor de Navarrette
- 1758 - 1761 Alonso Fernández de Heredia
- 1761 - 1762 José Crespo y Honorato
- 1762 - 1763 Antonio Ainz de Ureta
- 1763 José Álvarez
- 1763 - 1764 Felipe Ramírez de Estenoz
- 1764 - 1771 Cristóbal de Zayas
- 1771 - 1777 Antonio de Oliver
- 1778 - 1779 Hugo Ocónor Cunco y Fali
- 1779 - 1783 Roberto Rivas Betancourt
- 1783 - 1789 José Marino y Ceballos
[edit] Governor/Indendants
- 1789 - 1793 Lucas de Gálvez
- 1793 - 1800 Arturo O' Neil y O' Kelly
- 1800 - 1811 Benito Pérez Brito de los Ríos y Fernández Valdelomar
- 1812 - 1815 Manuel Artazo y Torredemer
- 1815 - 1820 Miguel Castro y Araoz
- 1820 - 1821 Mariano Carrillo y Albornoz
- 1821 Juan María Echéverri
[edit] Zacatecas
- 1787 Intendencia of Zacatecas, part of New Spain.
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Indendants
- 1789 - 1792 Felipe Cleere
- 1792 - 1796 José de Peón y Valdés
- 1796 - 1810 Francisco Rendón
- 1810 - 1811 Miguel de Rivera, conde de Santiago de la Laguna
- 1811 José Manuel de Ochoa
- 1811 Juan José Zambrano
- 1811 - 1812 Martín de Mednina
- 1812 - 1814 Santiago de Irisarri
- 1814 - 1816 Diego García Conde
- 1816 - 1820 José de Gayangos
- 1821 - 1823 Manuel Orive y Novales
[edit] Western (poniente)
[edit] Commandants-general
- 1788 - 1790 Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola
- 1790 - 1793 Pedro de Nava
- 1813 - 1817 Bernardo Bonavia y Zapata
- 1817 - 1821 Alejo García Conde
[edit] Sinaloa and Sonora
- 1732 Province of Sinaloa and Sonora (formerly part of Nueva Vizcaya); part of New Spain.
- 1777 - 1821 Part of the Provincias Internas.
- 1787 Intendencia of Sonora
- 1821 Part of independent Mexico.
[edit] Governors
- 1734 - 1741 Manuel Bernal de Huidobro
- 1741 - 1748 Augustín de Vidósola
- 1748 - 1749 José Rafael Rodriguez Gallardo
- 1749 - 1753 Diego Ortiz de Parilla
- 1753 - 1755 Pablo de Arce y Arroyo
- 1755 - 1760 Juan Antonio de Mendoza
- 1760 - 1762 José Tiendra de Cuervo
- 1763 - 1770 Juan Claudio de Pineda
- 1770 - 1772 Pedro de Corbalán (First time)
- 1772 - 1773 Mateo Sastré
- 1773 - 1777 Francisco Antonio Crespo
- 1777 - 1787 Pedro de Corbalán (Second time)
[edit] Governor/Intendants
- 1787 - 1789 Pedro Garrido y Durán
- 1789 - 1790 Augustín de la Cuenta y Zayas
- 1790 - 1793 Enrique Gimarest
- 1793 - 1796 Alonso Tresierra y Cano
- 1796 - 1813 Alejo García Conde
- 1813 - 1817 Antonio Cordero y Bustamante (First time)
- 1818 Ignacio de Bustamante (First time)
- 1818 Manuel Fernández Rojo
- 1818 - 1819 Igancio de Bustamante (Second time)
- 1819 Juan José Lombrán
- 1819 - 1821 Antonio Cordero y Bustamante (Second time)
[edit] Central America
[edit] Nicaragua
- 1502 Coast of Nicaragua discoverd by Christopher Columbus.
- 1522 Spanish possession.
- 1522 - 1538 Subordinated to Santo Domingo.
- 1538 - 1544 Subordinated to Panama.
- 1544 Part of Guatemala; subordinated to New Spain (Mexico).
- 1661 - 12 September 1861 British Protectorate over the tribal Mosquito Coast.
- 23 December 1786 Intendencia of León (including Costa Rica).
- 15 September 1821 Declaration of independence from Spain of the Kingdom of Guatemala (encompassing all present Central America and Chiapas); Province of Nicaragua.
- 28 September 1821 León, while awaiting developments with regard to Spain, proclaims its secession from the Kingdom of Guatemala.
- 4 October 1821 Granada reaffirms its being part of the Kingdom of Guatemala.
- 12 October 1821 Incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous).
- 2 July 1823 Part of Central American Federation (see Guatemala).
- 30 April 1838 Separation from the Federation sanctioned; promulgated 2 May 1838.
- 28 February 1854 Republic of Nicaragua.
[edit] Governors
- 1522 - 1524 Gil González Dávila
- 1524 - 1526 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba
- 1526 - 1531 Pedro Arias de Ávila
- 1531 - 1535 Francisco de Castañeda
- 1536 - 1544 Rodrigo de Contreras
- 1544 Diego de Herrera
- 1544 - 1552 Audiencia
[edit] Alcaldes Mayores
- 1552 - 1553 Alonso Ortiz de Elgueta
- 1553 Nicolás López de Urraga (First time)
- 1553 - 1555 Juan de Cavallón
- 1555 Juan Márquez
- 1555 - 1556 Álvaro de Paz
- 1556 - 1557 Nicolás López de Urraga (Second time)
- 1558 Andrés López Moraga
- 1558 - 1560 Francisco de Mendoza
- 1561 - 1564 Juan Vásquez de Coronado
- 1564 - 1566 Hernando Bermejo
[edit] Governors
- 1566 - 1575 Alonso de Casaos
- 1575 - 1576 Francisco del Valle Marroquín
- 1576 - 1583 Diego de Artieda y Chirino
- 1583 - 1589 Hernando de Gasco
- 1589 - 1592 Carlos de Arellano
- 1592 - 1599 Bartolomé de Lences
- 1599 - 1603 Bernardino de Obando
- 1603 - 1622 Alonso Lara de Córdoba
- 1622 Cristóbal de Villagrán
- 1622 - 1623 Alonso Lazo
- 1623 - 1625 Santiago de Figueroa
- 1625 - 1627 Lázaro de Albizúa
- 1627 - 1630 Juan de Agüero
- 1630 - 1634 Francisco de Asagra y Vargas
- 1634 - 1641 Pedro de Velasco
- 1641 - 1660 Juan de Bracamonte
- 1660 - 1665 Diego de Castro
- 1665 - 1669 Juan Salinas y Cerda
- 1669 - 1673 Antonio Temiño Dávila
- 1673 - 1681 Pablo de Loyola
- 1681 Antonio Coello
- 1681 - 1689 Pedro Álvarez Castrillón
- 1689 - 1693 Gabriel Rodríguez Bravo de Hoyos
- 1693 - 1699 Pedro Gerónimo Luis de Comenares y Camargo
- 1699 - 22 October 1705 Miguel de Camargo
- 22 October 1705 - 21 August 1721 Sebastián de Arancibia y Sasi
- 1722 - 1724 Antonio Póveda y Rivadineira (First time) (d. 1727)
- 1724 - 1727 Tomás Marcos, duque de Estrada (First time)
- 26 January 1727 - 7 July 1727 Antonio Póveda y Rivadineira (Second time) (s.a.)
- 26 August 1727 - 1728 Pedro Martínez de Uparrio
- August 1728 - 1730 Tomás Marcos, duque de Estrada (Second time)
- 1730 - 1736 Bartolomé González Fitoria
- 1736 - 1740 Antonio Ortiz
- 21 November 1740 - 1745 José Antonio Lacayo de Briones
- 1745 Francisco Antonio de Cáceres Molinedo
- 23 August 1745 - Dec 1746 Juan de Vera
- Dec 1746 - 1753 Alonso Fernández de Heredia
- 1753 - 1756 José González Rancaño
- 1756 - 1759 Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena (First time)
- 1759 - 1765 Pantaleón Ibáñez Cuevas
- 1765 - 1766 Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena (Second time)
- 1766 - 1776 Domingo Cabello y Robles
- 1777 - 1782 Manuel de Quiroga
- 1779 - 1783 José de Estachería
- 1783 - 23 December 1786 Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue y Palacín
[edit] Governors/Intendants
- 23 December 1786 - 1789 Juan de Ayza y Blancazo Allue y Palacín
- 1789 - 1793 José Mateu y Aranda
- 1793 - 13 December 1811 José de Salvador
- 13 December 1811 - 1814 Nicolás García Jerez (14 December 1814 - 1817 also President of the Governing Junta)
- 1814 - 1816 Juan Bautista Gual
- 1816 - 1818 Manuel de Beltranena
- 1818 - Apr 1823 Miguel González Saravia
[edit] León
- 1524 León founded by Spain
- 21 August 1685 - 14 September 1685 León captured by pirates under William Dampier.
- 15 September 1821 Declaration of independence from Spain of the Kingdom of Guatemala (encompassing all present Central America plus Chiapas).
- 28 September 1821 León, while awaiting developments with regard to Spain, declares separation from the Kingdom of Guatemala (Acta de Nublados).
- 12 October 1821 Incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous [ratified 5 January 1822]).
- 17 April 1823 León declares itself an "orphan" and thus sovereign.
- 1 July 1823 The Central American Federation (see under Guatemala) proclaims independence from Mexico and invites those provinces that had left the Kingdom of Guatemala to join.
- 2 July 1823 León accedes to invitation; incorporation into Central America.
- 4 January 1825 León surrenders to the authority of Manuel Arzú, commissioned by the federal government.
[edit] Superior Political Chief and Intendant
- 15 September 1821 - 12 October 1821 Miguel González de Saravia y Colarte, President of the Provisional Governing Junta
- 17 April 1823 - 4 January 1825 Provisional Governing Junta
- Pedro Solís Terán (Primer Vocal)
- José del Carmen Salazar Lacayo
- Francisco Quiñónez
- Domingo Nicolás Galarza y Briceño de Coca
- Basilio Carrillo
- José Valentín Fernández Gallegos
- Juan Modesto Hernández
(some sources list the last two as alternates)
[edit] Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
The Bolivian part:
- 1538 - 1545 Spanish colonize area called Charcas, Upper Peru or Chuquisaca.
- 3 January 1548 Part of Viceroyalty of Peru.
- 1559 Audiencia de los Charcas created to administer Upper Peru.
- 8 August 1776 Part of Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata (see Argentina).
- 16 July 1809 - November 1809 Independent state proclaimed in Upper Peru nominally in the name of the Bourbon king Ferdinand VII of Spain deposed by Napoleon.
- 1811 - 1816 Proclaimed a province of Río de la Plata (see Argentina).
- 1816 Re-incorporated into Peru.
- 11 August 1825 Bolivian Republic (initially styled República Bolívar).
[edit] Cochabamba
- 1783 Intendencia of Cochabamba (part of Río de la Plata).
- 1810 End of Spanish rule.
- 1825 Part of Bolivia.
[edit] Intendants
- 1783 - 1785 José de Ayarga
- 1785 - 1809 Francisco de Viedma y Verdejo
- 1809 - 1810 José González de Prada
[edit] Córdoba
- 1783 Intendencia of Córdoba (part of Río de la Plata).
- 1810 End of Spanish rule.
- 1825 Part of Bolivia.
[edit] Intendants
- 1783 - 1797 Rafael de Sobremonte Núñez Castillo Angulo y Bullón Ramírez de Arellano, marqués de Sobremonte
- 1797 - 1803 Nicolás Pérez del Viso
- 1803 - 1805 José González
- 1805 - 1807 Victoriano Rodríguez
- 1807 - 1810 José Gutierrez de la Concha
[edit] La Paz
- 1783 Intendencia of La Paz (part of Río de la Plata).
- 1811 Annexed to Peru.
- 12 July 1809 - 30 September 1809 Under the Revolutionary Junta of Upper Peru (see above)
- January 1811 - July 1811 Argentine occupation.
- 1825 Part of Bolivia.
[edit] Intendants
- 1784 - 1789 José Sebastián de Segurola y Oliden
- 1789 - 1790 José Pablo Conti
- 1790 - 1791 Augustín de Goyoneta
- 1791 - 1793 Juan Manuel Álvarez
- 1793 - 1794 Francisco Antonio Dionisio Cuéllar Artucho Carrillo de los Ríos Ronsvi Valdés
- 1795 - 1796 Fernando de la Sota Agüero
- 1797 - 1805 Juan Antonio de Burgunyó
- 1805 - 12 July 1809 Tadeo Dávila
- 12 July 1809 - 30 September 1809 the Revolutionary Junta of Upper Peru
- 30 September 1809 - 1810 Juan Ramíerz Orosco (b. 1764 - d. c.1823)
- 1810 - 1813 Domingo Tristán y Moscoso
- Jan 1811 - July 1811 Castelli
- 1813 - 1814 Gregorio Hoyos de Miranda García de Llano, marqués de Valde Hoyos
- 1814 - 1816 José María Laudavere
- 1816 - 1817 Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca
- 1817 - 1822 Juan Sánchez Lima
- 1822 - 1823 Francisco Huarte y Jáuregui
- 1823 - 1825 José Ildefonso Mendizábal e Imaz
[edit] Potosí
- 1783 Intendencia of Potosí (part of Río de la Plata).
- 1811 Annexed to Peru.
- 25 November 1811 - 20 September 1811 Argentine occupation.
- May 1813 - December 1813 Argentine occupation.
- May 1815 - December 1815 Argentine occupation.
- 1825 Part of Bolivia.
[edit] Indendants
- 1783 - 1789 Juan del Pino Manrique de Lara
- 1789 - 1810 Francisco de Paula Sanz (d. 1810)
- 25 November 1810 - 1811 Castelli
- 1811 - 20 September 1811 Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
- 20 September 1811 - May 1813 José Manuel de Goyeneche y Barreda, Conde de Guaqui
- May 1813 - December 1813 Manuel Belgrano (b. 1770 - d. 1820)
- December 1813 - April 1815 Joaquín de la Pezuela, marqués de Viluma
- April 1815 - July 1815 Juan Rondeau (b. 1775 - d. 1844)
[edit] Costa Rica
- 1502 Claimed for Spain.
- 1568 Province of Nuevo Cartago (later Costa Rica), part of the colonial kingdom of Guatemala (subordinated to New Spain [Mexico]).
- 23 December 1786 Gobierno ('government') of Costa Rica within Intendencia of León (see Nicaragua).
- 12 November 1821 Independence (Province of Costa Rica)
- 4 March 1824 - 15 November 1838 Constituent state of Central American Federation (see Guatemala).
- 8 September 1824 Free State of Costa Rica
- 7 March 1847 State of Costa Rica
- 31 August 1848 Republic of Costa Rica
[edit] Governors
- 1568 - 1573 Parafán de Ribera
- 1574 - 1577 Alonso de Anguciana y Gamboa
- 1577 - 1590 Diego de Artieda y Chirino
- 1590 - 1591 Juan Valásquez Ramiro
- 1591 - 1592 Bartolomé de Lences
- 1592 - 1595 Gonzalo de lam Palma
- 1595 - 1599 Fernando de la Cueva
- 1600 - 1604 Gonzalo Vázquez de Coronado y Arias de Ávila
- 1604 - 1613 Juan de Ocón y Trillo
- 1613 - 1619 Juan de Mendoza y Medrano
- 1619 - 1624 Alonso del Castillo y Guzmán
- 1624 - 1630 Juan de Echáuz
- 1630 - 1634 Juan de Villalta
- 1634 - 1636 Juan de Agüero
- 1636 - 1644 Gregorio de Sandoval y González de Alcalá
- 1644 - 1650 Juan de Cháves y Mendoza
- 1650 - 1655 Juan Fernández de Salinas y de la Cerda
- 1655 - 1661 Andrés Arias Maldonaldo y Mendoza
- 1662 - 1664 Rodrigo Arias Maldonaldo
- 1664 - 1665 Juan de Obregón
- 1664 - 1674 Juan López de la Flor
- 1675 - 1681 Juan Francisco Sáenz Vázquez y Sendín
- 1681 - 1693 Miguel Gómez de Lara
- 1693 - 1698 Manuel de Bustamente y Vivero
- 1698 - 1704 Francisco Serrano de Reina y Lizarde
- 1704 - 1707 Diego de Herrera y Campuzano
- 1707 - 1712 Lorenzo Antonio de Granada y Balbín
- 1713 - 1717 José Antonio Lacayo de Briones y Palacios
- 1717 - 1718 Pedro Ruíz de Bustamante
- 1718 - 1726 Diego de la Haya y Fernández
- 1727 - 1736 Baltasar Francisco de Valderrama y Haro
- 1736 Antonio Vázquez de la Quadra
- 1736 - 1739 Francisco Antonio de Carrandi y Menán
- 1739 - 1740 Francisco de Olaechea
- 2 June 1740 - 5 November 1747 Juan Gemmir y Lleonart (d. 1747)
- 22 November 1747 - 14 March 1750 Luis Díez Navarro (interim to 22 January 1748)
- 1750 - 1754 Cristóbal Ignacio de Soría
- 1754 - 2 July 1756 Francisco Fernández de la Pástora (d. 1756)
- 12 August 1756 - 24 October 1757 José Antonio de Oreamuno y Vázquez Melendez (First time)(interim)
- 24 October 1757 - 18 September 1758 José Gonzalez Rancaño (interim)
- 18 September 1758 - 1761 Manuel Soler (d. 1763) (abandoned office 1760)
- 1761 Francisco Javier de Oreamuno y Vázquez Melendez (interim)
- 1761 Pedro Manuel de Ayerdi (interim)
- 1761 - 1764 José Antonio de Oreamuno y Vázquez Melendez (Second time)(interim)
- 1764 - 1773 José Joaquín de Nava y Cabezudo (acting to 3 April 1764)
- 1773 - 1778 Juan Fernández de Bobadilla (First time) (d. 1781)
- 25 June 1778 - 23 July 1780 José Perié y Barros (First time) (d. 1789)
- 23 July 1780 - 28 January 1781 Juan Fernández de Bobadilla (Second time)(interim)
- 28 January 1781 - 1781 Francisco Carzo (interim)
- 11 April 1781 - 1785 Juan Flores (interim)
- 31 January 1785 - 7 January 1789 José Perié y Barros (Second time) (s.a.)
- 7 January 1789 - 1789 José Antonio de Oriamuno (acting)
- 1789 - 1790 Juan Esteban Martínez de Pinillos (interim)
- 7 November 1790 - 1797 José Vázquez y Téllez
- 3 April 1797 - 4 December 1810 Tomás de Acosta y Hurtado de Mendoza (d. 1821)
- 4 December 1810 - 10 June 1819 Juan de Dios de Ayala y Gudiño (d. 1819) (military governor from 3 July 1810)
- 10 June 1819 - 11 October 1821 Juan Manuel de Cañas y Trujillo (interim)
