User:Indon/sandbox2
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This is a list of volcanoes in Indonesia where most of them are still active. The geography of Indonesia mainly consists of volcanoes and they are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. These are formed due to the subduction zones between Eurasian plate and Indo-Australian plate. Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions: Krakatoa in 1883,[1] Lake Toba for its supervolcano eruption,[2] and Mount Tambora in 1815 for the most violent eruption in the recorded history time.[3]
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[edit] Geographically
[edit] Sumatra
The geography of Sumatra island is dominated by a mountain range called Bukit Barisan (lit: "a row of hills"). It spans nearly 1,700 km (1,050 mi) from the northern tip to the southern tip of the island. The mountain range is formed due to subduction zone of the Australian tectonic plate that pushes the Sunda Plate to the northeast. This tectonic movement, known as Sunda Trench, has created many magma chambers beneath the island. 35 mountains on the island are active volcanos. Only one of them is formed separately as a small island. The largest volcano is the supervolcano Toba, that has left a large caldera known as Lake Toba in North Sumatra after its supervolcanic eruption in 74 ka BP with estimated scale 8 (the highest on VEI scale). The highest peak of the mountain range is Mount Kerinci with 3,800 m (12,467 ft).
| Name | Shape | Elevation (m) | Last eruption (VEI) | Geolocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weh Island | stratovolcano | 617 | pleistocene | |
| Seulawah Agam | stratovolcano | 1,810 | 1839 (2) | |
| Peuet Sague | complex volcano | 2,801 | 25 December 2000 (2) | |
| Geureudong | stratovolcano | 2,885 | 1937 | |
| Kembar | shield volcano | 2,245 | pleistocene | |
| Sibayak | stratovolcano | 2,212 | 1881 | |
| Sinabung | stratovolcano | 2,460 | unknown | |
| Toba | supervolcano | 2,157 | unknown | |
| Helatoba-Tarutung | fumarole field | 1,100 | pleistocene | |
| Imun | unknown | 1,505 | unknown | |
| Sibualbuali | stratovolcano | 1,819 | unknown | |
| Lubukraya | stratovolcano | 1,862 | unknown | |
| Sorikmarapi | stratovolcano | 2,145 | 1986 (1) | |
| Talakmau | complex volcano | 2,919 | unknown | |
| Sarik-Gajah | volcanic cone | unknown | unknown | |
| Marapi | complex volcano | 2,891 | 5 August 2004 (2) | |
| Tandikat | stratovolcano | 2,438 | 1924 (1) | |
| Talang | stratovolcano | 2,597 | 12 April 2005 (2) | |
| Kerinci | stratovolcano | 3,800 | 22 June 2004 (2) | |
| Hutapanjang | stratovolcano | 2,021 | unknown | |
| Sumbing | stratovolcano | 2,507 | 23 May 1921 (2) | |
| Kunyit | stratovolcano | 2,151 | unknown | |
| Pendan | unknown | unknown | unknown | |
| Belirang-Beriti | compound | 1,958 | unknown | |
| Bukit Daun | stratovolcano | 2,467 | unknown | |
| Kaba | stratovolcano | 1,952 | 22 August 2000 (1) | |
| Dempo | stratovolcano | 3,173 | October 1994 (1) | |
| Patah | unknown | 2,817 | unknown | |
| Bukit Lumut Balai | stratovolcano | 2,055 | unknown | |
| Besar | stratovolcano | 1,899 | April 1940 (1) | |
| Ranau | caldera | 1,881 | unknown | |
| Sekincau Belirang | caldera | 1,719 | unknown | |
| Suoh | maar | 1,000 | 10 July 1933 (4) | |
| Hulubelu | caldera | 1,040 | unknown | |
| Rajabasa | stratovolcano | 1,281 | unknown |
[edit] Sunda Strait and Java
Sunda Strait is a strait between Sumatra and Java island. Krakatau is located in the strait, where it has erupted violently in 1883. The 1883 eruption has destroyed two-thirds of the island and has left a large caldera. A new parasitic cone has arisen, called Anak Krakatau or the child of Krakatau, with growth rate of 13 cm (5 in) per week.
Java is a relatively small island, compared to Sumatra, but it has denser concentration of active volcanos. In total, there are 45 active volcanos, not including 20 small craters and cones in the Dieng volcanic complex and young cones in Tengger Caldera complex. Some volcanos are grouped together in the list below, because of their close location. Several volcanos are highly active. Mount Merapi, Semeru and Kelut are the most active volcanos. Mount Semeru has been continously erupting since 1967. Ijen has a colorful caldera due to its high concentration of sulfur.
| Name | Shape | Elevation (m) | Last eruption (VEI) | Geolocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krakatau | caldera | 813 | 21 July 2001 (1) | |
| Pulosari | stratovolcano | 1,346 | unknown | |
| Karang | stratovolcano | 1,778 | unknown | |
| Kiaraberes-Gagak | stratovolcano | 1,511 | 6 April 1939 (1) | |
| Perbakti | stratovolcano | 1,699 | unknown | |
| Salak | stratovolcano | 2,211 | 31 January 1938 (2) | |
| Gede | stratovolcano | 2,958 | 13 March 1957 (2) | |
| Patuha | stratovolcano | 2,434 | unknown | |
| Wayang-Windu | lava dome | 2,182 | unknown | |
| Malabar | stratovolcano | 2,343 | unknown | |
| Tangkuban Parahu | stratovolcano | 2,084 | 14 September 1983 (1) | |
| Papandayan | stratovolcano | 2,665 | 11 November 2002 (2) | |
| Kendang | stratovolcano | 2,608 | unknown | |
| Kawah Kamojang | stratovolcano | 1,730 | pleistocene | |
| Guntur | complex volcano | 2,249 | 16 October 1847 (2) | |
| Tampomas | stratovolcano | 1,684 | unknown | |
| Galunggung | stratovolcano | 2,168 | 9 January 1984 (1) | |
| Talagabodas | stratovolcano | 2,201 | unknown | |
| Kawah Karaha | fumarole | 1,155 | unknown | |
| Cereme | stratovolcano | 3,078 | unknown | |
| Slamet | stratovolcano | 3,428 | 1 May 1999 (1) | |
| Dieng | complex volcano | 2,565 | 31 December 1996 (1) | |
| Sundoro | stratovolcano | 3,136 | 29 October 1971 (2) | |
| Sumbing | stratovolcano | 3,371 | 1730 (1) | |
| Ungaran | stratovolcano | 2,050 | unknown | |
| Telomoyo | stratovolcano | 1,894 | unknown | |
| Merbabu | stratovolcano | 3,145 | 1797 (2) | |
| Merapi | stratovolcano | 2,968 | 15 May 2006[5] | |
| Muria | stratovolcano | 1,625 | 160 BC ± 30 years | |
| Lawu | stratovolcano | 3,265 | 28 November 1885 (1) | |
| Wilis | stratovolcano | 2,563 | unknown | |
| Kelut | stratovolcano | 1,731 | 10 February 1990 (4) | |
| Kawi-Butak | stratovolcano | 2,651 | unknown | |
| Arjuno-Welirang | stratovolcano | 3,339 | 15 August 1952 (0) | |
| Penanggungan | stratovolcano | 1,653 | unknown | |
| Malang Plain | maar | 680 | unknown | |
| Semeru | stratovolcano | 3,676 | 1967–2006 continuing (3) | |
| Tengger | stratovolcano | 2,329 | 8 June 2004 (2) | |
| Lamongan | stratovolcano | 1,651 | 5 February 1898 (2) | |
| Lurus | complex volcano | 539 | unknown | |
| Iyang-Argapura | complex volcano | 3,088 | unknown | |
| Raung | stratovolcano | 3,332 | 2 June 2002 (2) | |
| Ijen | stratovolcano | 2,799 | 28 June 1999 (1) | |
| Baluran | stratovolcano | 1,247 | unknown |
[edit] Lesser Sunda Islands
| Name | Shape | Elevation (m) | Last eruption (VEI) | Geolocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bratan | caldera | 2,276 | unknown | |
| Batur | caldera | 1,717 | 15 March 1999 (1) | |
| Agung | stratovolcano | 3,142 | 18 February 1963 (5) | |
| Rinjani | stratovolcano | 3,726 | 1 October 2004 (2) | |
| Tambora | stratovolcano | 2,850 | 1967 ± 20 years (0) | |
| Sangeang Api | complex volcano | 1,949 | 30 July 1985 (3) | |
| Wai Sano | caldera | 903 | unknown | |
| Poco Leok | unknown | 1,675 | unknown | |
| Ranakah | lava dome | 2,100 | March 1991 (1) | |
| Inierie | stratovolcano | 2,245 | 8050 BC | |
| Inieleka | complex vulcano | 1,559 | 11 January 2001 (2) | |
| Ebulobo | stratovolcano | 2,124 | 27 February 1969 (2) | |
| Iya | stratovolcano | 637 | 27 January 1969 (3) | |
| Sukaria | caldera | 1,500 | unknown | |
| Ndete Napu | fumarole | 750 | unknown | |
| Kelimutu | complex volcano | 1,639 | 3 June 1968 (1) | |
| Paluweh | stratovolcano | 875 | 3 February 1985 (1) | |
| Egon | stratovolcano | 1,703 | 6 February 2005 (1) | |
| Ilimuda | stratovolcano | 1,100 | unknown | |
| Lewotobi | stratovolcano | 1,703 | 30 May 2003 (2) | |
| Leroboleng | complex volcano | 1,117 | 26 June 2003 (3) | |
| Riang Kotang | fumarole | 200 | unknown | |
| Iliboleng | stratovolcano | 1,659 | June 1993 (1) | |
| Lewotolo | stratovolcano | 1,423 | 15 December 1951 (2) | |
| Ililabalekan | stratovolcano | 1,018 | unknown | |
| Iliwerung | complex volcano | 1,018 | 22 May 1999 (0) | |
| Batu Tara | stratovolcano | 748 | 1847 (2) | |
| Sirung | complex volcano | 862 | 1970 (2) | |
| Yersey | submarine | -3,800 | unknown |
[edit] Banda Sea
| Name | Shape | Elevation (m) | Last eruption (VEI) | Geolocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of China | submarine | -2,850 | unknown | |
| Nieuwerkerk | submarine | -2,285 | unknown | |
| Wetar | stratovolcano | 282 | 1699 (3) | |
| Wurlali | stratovolcano | 868 | 3 June 1892 (2) | |
| Teon | stratovolcano | 655 | 3 June 1904 (2) | |
| Nila | stratovolcano | 781 | 7 May 1968 (1) | |
| Serua | stratovolcano | 641 | 18 September 1921 (2) | |
| Manuk | stratovolcano | 282 | unknown | |
| Banda Api | caldera | 640 | 9 May 1988 (3) |
[edit] Sulawesi and Sangihe Islands
| Name | Shape | Elevation (m) | Last eruption (VEI) | Geolocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colo | stratovolcano | 507 | 18 July 1983 (4) | |
| Ambang | complex volcano | 1,795 | 1845 ± 5 years | |
| Soputan | stratovolcano | 1,784 | 26 December 2006 (1) | |
| Sempu | caldera | 1,549 | unknown | |
| Tondano | caldera | 1,202 | unknown | |
| Lokon-Empung | stratovolcano | 1,580 | 23 September 2003 (3) | |
| Mahawu | stratovolcano | 1,324 | 16 November 1977 (0) | |
| Klabat | stratovolcano | 1,995 | unknown | |
| Tongkoko | stratovolcano | 1,149 | 1880 (1) | |
| Ruang | stratovolcano | 725 | 25 September 2002 (4) | |
| Karangetang | stratovolcano | 1,784 | 2 April 2005 (2) | |
| Banua Wuhu | submarine | -5 | 18 July 1919 (3) | |
| Awu | stratovolcano | 1,320 | 2 June 2004 (2) |
[edit] Halmahera
| Name | Shape | Elevation (m) | Last eruption (VEI) | Geolocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarakan | pyroclastic cone | 318 | unknown | |
| Dukono | complex volcano | 1,335 | 13 August 1933 (3) | |
| Tobaru | unknown | 1,035 | unknown | |
| Ibu | stratovolcano | 1,325 | May 2005 (0) | |
| Gamkonora | stratovolcano | 1,635 | 13 April 1987 (1) | |
| Todoko-Ranu | caldera | 979 | unknown | |
| Jailolo | stratovolcano | 1,130 | unknown | |
| Hiri | stratovolcano | 630 | unknown | |
| Gamalama | stratovolcano | 1,715 | 31 July 2003 (2) | |
| Tidore | stratovolcano | 1,730 | unknown | |
| Mare | stratovolcano | 308 | unknown | |
| Moti | stratovolcano | 950 | unknown | |
| Makian | stratovolcano | 1,357 | 29 July 1988 (3) | |
| Tigalalu | stratovolcano | 422 | unknown | |
| Amasing | stratovolcano | 1,030 | unknown | |
| Bibinoi | stratovolcano | 900 | unknown |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Winchester, Simon (2003). Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883. HarperCollins. ISBN 0066212855.
- ^ Oppenheimer, C. (2002). "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?". Quarternary Science Reviews 21 (14–15): 1593–1609.
- ^ Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science 224 (4654): 1191-1198.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Sumatra. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ "Mount Merapi Erupts", ANTARA, 15 May 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Krakatau. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Java. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Lesser Sunda Islands. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Banda Sea. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Sulawesi. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Sangihe Islands. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ Volcanoes of Indonesia - Halmahera. Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
