Independence Day Derecho of 1977

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The Independence Day Derecho of 1977 was a derecho, or long-lived windstorm associated with a fast-moving band of thunderstorms, that occurred in the northern Great Plains of the U.S. on Independence Day, 1977. It lasted around 15-1/2 hours, and is one of the most infamous derechos in history.

The derecho formed in Minnesota around 10 a.m. CDT on July 4 and became more intense around noon in the central part of the state. The derecho produced winds of 80-100 mph (130-160 km/h) in northern Wisconsin felling thousands of trees in the northern part of the state.

1 Wisconsin
2 Michigan
3 Bow Echo Discovered
4 See also

[edit] Wisconsin

As the storm raced through Burnett, Washburn, Sawyer, Price, and Oneida counties, it caused a band of damage 10-20 miles (15-30 km) wide. Nearly 850,000 acres (3,400 km²) of forest were badly damaged or destroyed. The derecho caused $24M property damage. One person was killed and 35 were injured.

Here is a summary of damage by county:

Sawyer County, Wisconsin - A wind gust of 75 mph (120 km/h) was measured at the Hayward airport. The downburst winds destroyed several homes and barns. A wind speed of 135 mph (220 km/h) was measured at the Flambeau River State Forest. A woman was killed when a tree fell on her camper. Nearby, an area of virgin forest was compeletely destroyed.
Price County, Wisconsin - The storm continued to damage several homes and injured 20 people. The gust front reached Phillips around 2:55 p.m. CDT and the severe winds lasted for 25 minutes. An anemometer at the airport registered a 100 mph (160 km/h) wind gust. All the homes in the Phillips area were damaged. Thirty were damaged beyond repair.
Oneida County, Wisconsin - The derecho continued to damage homes and blow down large areas of forest. The gust front entered Rhinelander around 3:30 p.m. CDT. A wind speed of 115 mph (185 km/h) was recorded at the airport. Seven people were injured in this county. The severe winds continued through northeastern Wisconsin and across Lake Michigan.

[edit] Michigan

The derecho was not nearly as strong in Michigan as it was in Wisconsin. Many trees blew over and caused damage to homes and buildings as it moved into Manistee and Ludington. The storm spawned tornadoes as it moved into central Lower Michigan and two people were injured -- one from an overturned mobile home and another from an overturned camper.

The derecho moved through Lower Michigan throughout the afternoon and evening before dissipating in northern Ohio around 1:30 a.m. EDT on July 5. A total of 1 million acres (4,000 km²) of forest were damaged or destroyed, and the storm caused a total of $30M damage (1977 dollars).

[edit] Bow Echo Discovered

After the storm, Dr. T. Theodore Fujita became aware of the extreme wind damage over northern Wisconsin and decided to conduct an investigation. He noticed that there were three areas of extreme damage from northeastern Minnesota to extreme northwestern Wisconsin, and then two more areas of forest blowdowns extending from Hayward to Rhinelander.

He then went back and looked at the radar echos, and he noticed that they evolved into a bow signature. It was during this investigation that Dr Fujita discovered the bow or spearhead radar echo.