Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
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The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors (軍人勅諭 Gunjin Chokuyu ?) was issued by Emperor Meiji of Japan on 4 January 1882. It was the most important document in the development of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy.
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The Rescript was intended to be the official code of ethics for military personnel, and is often cited along with the Imperial Rescript on Education as the basis for Japan's prewar national ideology. All military personnel were required to memorize the 2700 kanji document by heart.
The initial draft was written by Nishi Amane, an Army Minister bureaucrat and scholar of western philosophy. It was extensively edited by Inoue Kowashi.
The Rescript was presented to Army Minister Yamagata Aritomo directly by Emperor Meiji in person in a special ceremony held at the Imperial Palace. This unprecedented action was meant to symbolize the personal bond between the Emperor and the military, making the military in effect, the Emperor's personal army. Coming shortly after the Satsuma Rebellion, the Rescript stressed absolute personal loyalty of each individual member of the military to the Emperor. The Rescript also cautioned to military personnel to avoid involvement with poltical parties or politics and to avoid being influenced by current opinions in the newspapers, reflecting Yamagata's distrust of politicians in particular and democracy in general. The Rescript also advises military personnel to be frugal in their personal habits (reflecting back to the samurai tradition, and respectful and benevolent to civilians (reflecting on European traditons of chivalry). However, a clause that the military was subordinate to civilian authority did not make it into the final draft.
A famous precept in the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors states that "duty is heavier than a mountain; death is lighter than a feather."
