History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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The Jewish community of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich and varied history, surviving World War II and the Yugoslav Wars, after having been been born as a result of the Spanish Inquisition, and having been almost destroyed by the Holocaust.

The Jewish Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina now numbers some 500 people, spread in Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Mostar, Tuzla, Doboj, and Zenica^[1].

Contents 1 History of the Community 1.1 Ottoman Rule 1.2 Hapsburg Rule 1.3 The Holocaust 1.3.1 Local Support for the Nazis 1.3.2 The Holocaust in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.4 Post-War Community 1.5 Yugoslav Wars 2 The Community Today 3 References 3.1 Footnotes 3.2 Sourced Articles

[edit] History of the Community

[edit] Ottoman Rule

The first Jews arrived in the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1500s.

As tens of thousands of Jews fled the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions, Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire welcomed Jews who were able to reach his territories. Jews fleeing Spain and Portugal were welcomed in -- and found their way to -- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, Aegean Macedonia, Thrace and other areas of Europe under Ottoman control. Jews began to arrive in Bosnia and Herzegovina in numbers in the 16th century, with Jews arriving from the Ottoman Empire, and settling mainly in Sarajevo. The first Ashkenazi Jews arrived from Hungary in 1686, when the Ottoman Turks were expelled from Hungary^[2],[3].

Jews in the Ottoman Empire were generally well-treated and were recognized under the law as non-Muslims. Despite some restrictions, the Jewish communities of the Empire prospered. They were granted significant autonomy, with various rights including the right to buy real estate, to build synagogues and to conduct trade throughout the Ottoman Empire^[4]. Jews were granted full equality under Ottoman law by 1856.

[edit] Hapsburg Rule

The Austro-Hungarian Empire conquered Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, and brought with them an injection of European capital, companies and methods. Many professional, educated Ashkenazi Jews arrived with the Austro-Hungarians. The Sephardi Jews continued to engage in their traditional areas, mainly foreign trade and crafts.^[5]

World War I saw the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and after the war Bosnia and Herzegovina was incorporated into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. By 1926, there were 13,000 Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina^[6].

[edit] The Holocaust

[edit] Local Support for the Nazis

In 1940, there were approximately 14,000 Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina^[7], with 10,000 in Sarajevo^[8].

With the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 by the Nazis and their Allies, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under the control of the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet-state. The Independent State of Croatia was headed by the notoriously anti-Semitic Ustaše, and they wasted little time in persecuting the non-Croatian, non-Muslim populations under their control.

The Ustaše authorities enlisted the help of the local Muslim Bosniaks in the persecution of Jews, Serbs, Roma (Gypsies) and even "undesirable" Croats. When Sarajevo was invaded by the Nazis in April 1941, local Bosnian Muslims and Croats attacked Bosnia and Herzegovina's synagogues^[9].

In November 1941, Amin el-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem was welcomed by Adolf Hitler (November 28, 1941) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (November 20, 1941) in Berlin. The Mufti was a notorious anti-Semite, and organized a contingent of the Waffen SS to be recruited from the ranks of Bosnian Muslims. The Mufti spent the war years organizing "the formation of Muslim Waffen SS and Wehrmacht units in Bosnia, the Balkans, North Africa, and Nazi-occupied areas of the Soviet Union" and rallying support amongst Muslims for the Nazis. The Mufti visited Sarajevo in April 1943, meeting Muslim community leaders and being greeted by cheering crowds.^[10]

Two Bosnian Muslim Waffen SS Divisions were formed during World War II: the 13th Waffen Gebirgs Division der SS "Handzar" (or "Handscha" in German, from the Turkish hancher, meaning "dagger"), and the 23rd Waffen Gebirgs Division der SS "Kama" (from Turkish kama, "dagger, dirk"). Approximately 20,000-25,000 Bosnian Muslim men were in the Waffen SS, one of the highest percentages of the total population during the War.^[11]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, over 100,000 Bosnian Muslims fought for the Nazis, including in the Waffen SS ^[12], although many more fought for the anti-Nazi Partisans resistance.

[edit] The Holocaust in Bosnia and Herzegovina

On July 22, 1941, Mile Budak -- a senior Minister in the Croatian government and one of the chief ideologists of the Ustaše movement^[13] -- declared that the goal of the Ustaše was the extermination of "foreign elements" from the Independent State of Croatia. His message was simple: "The basis for the Ustasha movement is religion. For minorities such as Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies, we have three million bullets."^[14] In 1941, Ante Pavelić -- leader of the Ustaše movement -- declared that "the Jews will be liquidated in a very short time"^[15].

In September 1941 deportations of Jews began, with most Bosnian Jews being deported to Auschwitz or to concentration camps in Croatia. The Ustaše set up concentration camps at Kerestinac, Jadovna, Metajna and Slana. The most notorious, where cruelty of unimaginable proportions was perpetrated against Jewish and Serbian prisoners were at Pag and Jasenovac. At Jasenovac alone, hundreds of thousands of people were murdered (mostly Serbs), including 20,000 Jews^[16].

By War's end, the Ustaše and their Bosnian Muslim allies had murdered between 300,000 and 700,000 Serbs, approximately 40,0000 Roma (Gypsies) and 32,000 Jews^[17]. Among Bosnian Jews, 10,000 of the pre-War Jewish population of 14,000 had been murdered^[18]. Most of the 4,000 who had survived did so by fighting with the Yugoslav, Jewish or Soviet Partisans ^[19] or by escaping to the Italian controlled zone^[20] (approximately 1,600 had escaped to the Italian controlled zone on the Dalmatian coast^[21]).

Jewish members of the Yugoslav Army became German prisoners of war and survived the war. They returned to Sarajevo after the war^[22].

[edit] Post-War Community

The Jewish Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina was reconstituted after the Holocaust, but most survivors chose to emigrate to Israel^[23]. The community came under the auspices of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, based in the capital, Belgrade.

In the early 1990s, before the Yugoslav Wars, the Jewish population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was over 2,000^[24], and relations between Jews and their Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim neighbors were good.

[edit] Yugoslav Wars

When the Yugoslav Wars broke out in 1991, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee evacuated most Bosnian Jews to Israel, and most chose to remain there after the wars^[25].

[edit] The Community Today

Today, there are some 500 Jews living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They enjoy good relations with their non-Jewish neighbors and with the Bosnian government^[26].

[edit] References

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Bosnia-Herzegovina
2. ^ Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia - Part I
3. ^ Buda
4. ^ "Macedonia and the Jewish people", A. Assa, Skopje, 1992, p.36
5. ^ Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia - Part I
6. ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Bosnia-Herzegovina
7. ^ Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia - Part I
8. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
9. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
10. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
11. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
12. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
13. ^ Mile Budak
14. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
15. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
16. ^ Jews of Yugoslavia 1941-1945 Victims of Genocide and Freedom Fighters, Jasa Romano, p7
17. ^ Ustashe
18. ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Bosnia-Herzegovina
19. ^ Remembering the Past - Jewish culture battling for survival in Macedonia, Zhidas Daskalovski
20. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
21. ^ American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee - Bosnia-Herzegovina
22. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
23. ^ "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
24. ^ Jewish Virtual Library - Bosnia-Herzegovina
25. ^ American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee - Bosnia-Herzegovina
26. ^ American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee - Bosnia-Herzegovina

[edit] Sourced Articles

• "The Holocaust in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1941-1945", Carl K. Savich
• Excerpts from Jews in Yugoslavia - Part I
• Jewish Virtual Library - Bosnia-Herzegovina, Stephanie Persin
• American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee - Bosnia-Herzegovina