Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)

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In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in the Northern Hemisphere, including most Europeans, many Indians, and almost all Asians and Native Americans. Other lineages derived from Haplogroup K are found among Melanesian populations, indicating an ancient link between most Eurasians and some populations of Oceania.

This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup F (M89). Its major descendant haplogroups are K5 (M230), L (M20), M (M4), NO (M214) (plus NO's descendants N and O), and P (M45) (plus P's descendants Q and R). Haplogroups K1, K2, K3, K4, K6, and K7 are found only at low frequency among various populations of Eurasia, Oceania, and northern Africa.

Its subgroup K2 (M70) is present at a low level throughout Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. A famous member of the K2 haplogroup is Thomas Jefferson; his Y-chromosomal complement received prominence through the Sally Hemings controversy. Haplogroup K2-M70 has been detected in over 7% of men (10 of 139 individuals) in a sample of modern Iraqis, which is much higher than its frequency in other populations.

According to an article by N. Al-Zahery et al., the potentially paraphyletic haplogroup K*-M9 occurs at a fairly high frequency among the modern population of Turkey. However, the loci of the downstream mutations that define Haplogroup L and Haplogroup N were not tested in this study, and other studies have suggested that these two haplogroups might comprise a substantial minority of the Y-chromosome diversity among modern Anatolian populations, so it is possible that most or all of the reported K*-M9 Y-chromosomes might actually belong to Haplogroup L or Haplogroup N.

[edit] Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K):

K (M9) Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, Melanesia, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, northern Africa, and Oceania
- K*
- K1 (M353, M387) Found at a low frequency in Melanesia
  - K1*
  - K1a (SRY9138 (M177))
- K2 (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of Iraqis; also present at a very low frequency throughout western Eurasia and northern Africa
  - K2*
  - K2a (M320)
- K3 (M147)
- K4 (P60)
- K5 (M230) Typical of populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia
  - K5*
  - K5a (M254)
    - K5a*
    - K5a1 (M226)
- K6 (P79)
- K7 (P117)
- L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) Typical of populations of Pakistan
  - L*
  - L1 (M27, M76) Typical of populations (especially Dravidian castes) of India and Sri Lanka
  - L2 (M317)
    - L2*
    - L2a (M274)
    - L2b (M349)
  - L3 (M357)
    - L3*
    - L3a (PK3)
- M (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) Typical of Papuan peoples
  - M*
  - M1 (P34)
    - M1*
    - M1a (P51)
  - M2 (P87)
    - M2*
    - M2a (M104 (P22))
      - M2a*
      - M2a1 (M16)
      - M2a2 (M83)
- NO (M214)
  - NO*
  - N (LLY22g, M231) Typical of the Sakha and Uralic peoples
    - N*
    - N1 (M128)
    - N2 (P43)
      - N2*
      - N2a (P63)
    - N3 (Tat (M46))
      - N3*
      - N3a (M178)
        
        N3a*
        
        N3a1 (P21)
  - O (M175)
    - O*
    - O1 (MSY2.2) Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Daic peoples
      - O1*
      - O1a (M119)
        
        O1a*
        
        O1a1 (M101)
        
        O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
    - O2 (P31, M268)
      - O2*
      - O2a (M95) Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples
        
        O2a*
        
        O2a1 (M88, M111)
        
        O2a2 (M297)
      - O2b (SRY465 (M176)) Typical of Koreans, Japanese, and Ryukyuans
        
        O2b*
        
        O2b1 (P49)
    - O3 (M122) Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesian populations of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia
      - O3*
      - O3a (M324)
        
        O3a*
        
        O3a1 (M121, DYS257)
        
        O3a2 (M164)
        
        O3a3 (LINE1, M159)
        
        O3a4 (M7)
        
        O3a5 (M134) Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples
        
        O3a6 (M300)
        
        O3a7 (M333)
- P (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
  - P*
  - Q (M242, MEH2, P36)
    - Q*
    - Q1 (M120, N14 (M265))
      - Q1*
      - Q1a (M378)
    - Q2 (M25, M143)
    - Q3 (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
      - Q3*
      - Q3a (M19)
      - Q3b (M194)
      - Q3c (M199)
    - Q4 (P48)
    - Q5 (M323)
    - Q6 (M346)
  - R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
    - R*
    - R1 (M173)
      - R1*
      - R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
        
        R1a*
        
        R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of populations of eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution in western Europe
      - R1b (M343) Typical of populations of western Europe, with a moderate distribution in eastern Europe, East Asia, and northern Africa
        
        R1b*
        
        R1b1 (P25)
    - R2 (M124) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus