Gustav Struve
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Gustav Struve, known as Gustav von Struve until he gave up his title, (born 11 October 1805 in Munich, Germany - died 21 August 1870 in Vienna, Austria), was a German politician, lawyer and publicist, and a revolutionary during the German revolution of 1848 - 1849 in Baden.
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[edit] Life
[edit] Early years
Struve was the son of a Russian privy council whose family came from the lesser nobility. Struve grew up and went to school in Munich, then studied law at university in Göttingen and Heidelberg. For a short time (from 1829 to 1831) he was employed in the civil service in Oldenburg, then moved to Baden in 1833 where in 1836 he settled down to work as a lawyer in Mannheim.
In Baden, Struve also entered politics by standing up for the liberal members of the Baden parliament in news articles. His point of view headed more and more in a radical democratic, early socialist direction. In 1845 Struve married Amalie Düsar, and in 1847 he dropped his title.
[edit] Pre-revolutionary period
It was the time of the Vormärz, the years between the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the revolutions of 1848-49. Struve was strongly against the politics of Metternich, a strict Conservative and reactionary against the democratic movement, who ruled Austria at the time and had a strong influence on restoration Germany with his Congress system.
[edit] The revolution begins
Along with Friedrich Hecker, whom he had met in Mannheim, Struve took on a leading role in the revolutions in Baden (see History of Baden) from March 1848, also accompanied by his wife Amalie. Both Hecker and Struve belonged to the radical democratic, anti-monarchist wing of the revolutionaries. In Baden their group was particularly strong in number, with many political societies being founded in the area.
When the revolution broke out, Struve published a demand for a federal republic, to include all Germany, but this was rejected by "Pre-Parliament" (Vorparlament), the meeting of politicians and other important German figures which later became the Frankfurt Parliament.
[edit] Dreams of a federal Germany
Struve wanted to spread his radical dreams for a federal Germany across the country, starting in southwest Germany, and accompanied by Hecker and other revolutionary leaders. They organised the meeting of a revolutionary assembly in Konstanz on 14 April 1848. From there, the Heckerzug (Hecker's column) was to join up with another revolutionary group led by the poet Georg Herwegh and march to Karlsruhe. Few people joined in the march, however, and it was headed off in the Black Forest by troops from Frankfurt.
Hecker and Struve fled to Switzerland, where Struve continued to plan the struggle. He published Die Grundrechte des deutschen Volkes (The Basic Rights of the German People) and made a "Plan for the Revolution and Republicanisation of Germany" along with the revolutionary playwriter and journalist Karl Heinzen. On 21 September 1848 he made another attempt to start an uprising in Germany, in Lörrach. Once again it failed, and this time Struve was caught and imprisoned.
[edit] May Uprising in Baden
Struve was freed during the May Uprising in Baden in 1849. Grand Duke Leopold of Baden fled and on 1 June 1849 Struve helped set up a provisionary republican parliament under the liberal politician Lorenz Brentano. Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, later to become Wilhelm I of Germany, set out for Baden with troops. Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly - too hesitantly for Struve and his followers, who overthrew him. The revolutionaries took up arms and, led by Ludwik Mieroslawski, tried to hold off the Prussian troops, who far outnumbered them. On 23 July the revolutionaries were defeated after a fierce battle at Rastatt and the revolution came to an end.
[edit] Post-revolutionary life
Gustav Struve, along with other revolutionaries, managed to escape execution, fleeing to exile, first in Switzerland and then in 1851 to the USA.
In the USA, Struve tried to follow his radical democratic aims by publishing news articles, but did not gain a name for himself politically. At the start of the 1860s, Struve joined in the US Civil War in the Union Army, one of the many German emigrant soldiers known as the Forty-Eighters.
In 1863 a general amnesty was issued to all those who had been involved in the revolutions in Germany, and Struve returned to Germany. On 21 August 1870 he died in Vienna.
