Glycogen phosphorylase
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Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzymes (EC 2.4.1.1). It breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits. Glycogen is left with one less glucose molecule, and the free glucose molecule is in the form of glucose-1-phosphate. In order to be used for metabolism, it must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase.
Glycogen phosphorylase can only act on linear chains of glycogen (a 1-4 glycosidic linkage). Its work will immediately come to a halt four residues away from a 1-6 branch (which are exceedingly common in glycogen). In these situations, a debranching enzyme is necessary, which will straighten out the chain in that area. Additionally, an alpha 1-6 glucosidase enzyme is required to break the remaining 1-6 residue that remains in the new linear chain. After all this is done, glycogen phosphorylase can continue.
An insulin stimulated enzyme known as phosphoprotein phosphatase (PP-1) inactivates glycogen phosphorylase to prevent glycogen break up.
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