Friendly artificial intelligence
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In future studies, Friendly artificial intelligence, or FAI is a model for creating moral and "safe" artificial intelligence, in accordance with the principles of Friendliness theory, advanced by researcher Eliezer Yudkowsky and the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence. Friendliness is used as a term of art distinct from the everyday meaning of the term.
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[edit] Goals of Friendly AI
Friendliness theory is a proposed solution to the dangers believed to stem from smarter-than-human artificial intelligence. According to the theory, the goals of future AIs will be more arbitrary and alien than commonly depicted in science fiction and earlier futurist speculation, in which AIs are often anthropomorphised and assumed to share universal human modes of thought. Because AI is not guaranteed to see the "obvious" aspects of morality and sensibility that most humans see so effortlessly, the theory goes, AIs with intelligences or at least physical capabilities greater than our own may concern themselves with endeavours that humans would see as pointless or even laughably bizarre. One example Yudkowsky provides is that of an AI initially designed to manufacture paperclips, which, upon being upgraded with superhuman intelligence, tries to develop molecular nanotechnology because it wants to convert all matter in the Solar System into paperclips. For humans, this would seem ridiculously absurd, but as Friendliness theory stresses, this is only because we evolved to have certain instinctive sensibilities which a robot, not sharing our evolutionary history, may not necessarily comprehend unless we design it to.
Friendliness theory stresses less the danger of superhuman AIs that actively seek to harm humans, but more of AIs that are disastrously indifferent to them. Superintelligent AIs may be harmful to humans if steps are not taken to specifically design them to be benevolent. Doing so effectively is the primary goal of Friendly AI. Designing an AI, whether deliberately or semi-deliberately, without such "Friendliness safeguards", would therefore be seen as highly immoral, approximately equivalent to a parent raising a child with absolutely no regard for whether that child grows up to be a sociopath.
This belief that human goals are so arbitrary derives heavily from modern advances in evolutionary psychology. Friendliness theory claims that most AI speculation is clouded by analogies between AIs and humans, and assumptions that all possible minds must exhibit characteristics that are actually psychological adaptations that exist in humans (and other animals) only because they were once beneficial and perpetuated by natural selection. This idea is expanded on greatly in section two of Yudkowsky's Creating Friendly AI, "Beyond anthropomorphism".
Many supporters of FAI speculate that AI able to reprogramme and improve itself, Seed AI, is likely to create a huge power disparity between itself and less intelligent human minds; that its ability to enhance itself would very quickly outpace the human ability to exercise any meaningful control over it. While many doubt such scenarios are likely, if they were to occur, it would be important for AI to act benevolently towards humans. As Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom puts it:
"Basically we should assume that a 'superintelligence' would be able to achieve whatever goals it has. Therefore, it is extremely important that the goals we endow it with, and its entire motivation system, is 'human friendly.'"
One of the most recent significant advancements in Friendliness theory is the Coherent Extrapolated Volition model. According to Yudkowsky, "our coherent extrapolated volition is our wish if we knew more, thought faster, were more the people we wished we were, [and] had grown up farther together." More concretely, the coherent extrapolated volition of humanity is the actions we would collectively take if we knew more, thought faster, etc. Yudkowsky believes a Friendly AI should initially seek to determine the coherent extrapolated volition of humanity, with which it can then alter its goals accordingly.
[edit] Requrements for FAI and effective FAI
The requirement for FAI to be effective, both internally, to protect humanity against unintended consequences of the AI in question and externally to protect against other non-FAIs arising from whatever source are:
- Friendliness
- Conservation of Friendliness
- Intelligence
- Self-improvement
- First mover advantage
[edit] Promotion and support
Promoting Friendly AI is one of the primary goals of the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, along with obtaining funding for, and ultimately creating a seed AI program implementing the ideas of Friendliness theory.
Several notable futurists have voiced support for Friendly AI, including author and inventor Raymond Kurzweil, medical life-extension advocate Aubrey de Grey, and World Transhumanist Association founder Dr. Nick Bostrom of Oxford University.
[edit] Criticism
One notable critic of Friendliness theory is Bill Hibbard, author of Super-Intelligent Machines, who considers the theory incomplete. Hibbard writes there should be broader political involvement in the design of AI and AI morality. He also believes that initially seed AI could only be created by powerful private sector interests (a view not shared by Yudkowsky), and that multinational corporations and the like would have no incentive to implement Friendliness theory.
In his criticism of the Singularity Institute's Friendly AI guidelines, he suggests an AI goal architecture in which human happiness is determined by human behaviors indicating happiness: "Any artifact implementing 'learning' [...] must have 'human happiness' as its only initial reinforcement value [...] and 'human happiness' values are produced by an algorithm produced by supervised learning, to recognize happiness in human facial expressions, voices and body language, as trained by human behavior experts." Yudkowsky later criticized this proposal by remarking that such a utility function would be better satisfied by tiling the Solar System with microscopic smiling mannequins than by making existing humans happier.
[edit] See also
- Seed AI - a theory related to Friendly AI
- Singularitarianism - a moral philosophy advocated by proponents of Friendly AI
- Technological singularity
[edit] External links
- What is Friendly AI? — A brief explanation of FAI by the Singularity Institute.
- Creating Friendly AI — A more detailed discussion of FAI by the Singularity Institute.
- Critique of the SIAI Guidelines on Friendly AI — by Bill Hibbard
- SIAI's Commentary on the Guidelines for building 'Friendly' AI — by Peter Voss.
- 3 Laws Unsafe — A project to increase awareness of AI morality by the Singularity Institute.
- Coherent Extrapolated Volition — an explanation of the concept at the Singularity Institute's site
