Five Dhyani Buddhas

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In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Dhyani Buddhas (Dhyani ध्यानि Skt. for "concentration"), also known as the Five Wisdom Buddhas (Jp. 五智如来 gochinyōrai), the Five Great Buddhas and the Five Jinas (Skt. for "conqueror" or "victor"), are representations of the five qualities of the Buddha. These five Buddhas are a common subject of Vajrayana mandalas.

The Five Wisdom Buddhas are a later development, based on the Yogācāra elaboration of concepts concerning the jñāna of Buddhas, of the Trikaya (Skt. Tri is "three", kaya is "body") theory, which posits three "bodies" of the Buddha. The Wisdom Buddhas are all aspects of the dharmakaya or "reality-body", which embodies the principle of enlightenment. Initially two Buddhas appeared which represented wisdom and compassion - they were, respectively, Akṣobhya and Amitābha. A further distinction embodied the aspects of power, or activity, and the aspect of beauty, or spiritual riches. In the Sutra of Golden Light (an early Mahayana Sutra) the figures are named Dundubishvara, and Ratnaketu, but over time their names changed to become Amoghasiddhi, and Ratnasaṃbhava. The central figure came to be called Vairocana.

It should be noted that when these Buddhas are represented in mandalas, they may not always have the same color or be related to the same directions. In particular, Akṣobhya and Vairocana may be switched. When represented in a Vairocana mandala, the Buddhas are arranged like this:

	Akṣobhya (east)
Amoghasiddhi (north)	Vairocana (principal deity/ meditator)	Ratnasaṃbhava (south)
	Amitābha (west)

Names in other languages:

Buddha	Sanskrit	Japanese
Vairocana	वैरोचन	大日如來 Dainichi Nyorai
Akṣobhya	अक्षोभ्य	阿閃如来 Ashuku Nyorai
Amitābha	अमिताभ	阿弥陀如来 Amida Nyorai
Ratnasaṃbhava	रत्नसंभव	宝生如来 Hōshō Nyorai
Amoghasiddhi	अमोघसिद्धि	不空成就如来 Fukūjyōju Nyorai

There is a large number of associations with each figure, so that the mandala becomes a cipher for remembering, and understanding the whole of the Dharma. Some of the associations include:

Buddha	Akṣobhya	Amoghasiddhi	Amitābha	Ratnasaṃbhava	Vairocana
Direction	east	north	west	south	center
Colour	blue	green	red	yellow	white
Neurosis	Hate	Jealousy	Craving	Pride	Ignorance
Wisdom	mirror-like	accomplishing	discriminating	equality	space-like
Mudra	earth-touching	fearlessness	meditation	giving	teaching the Dharma

The Five Wisdom Buddhas are protected by the Five Wisdom Kings, and in Japan are frequently depicted together in the Mandala of the Two Realms.

Each of the five Buddhas first identifies a specific human failing and then helps us in transforming it into a positive attribute, bringing about the spiritual evolution required for enlightenment.