EF-111A Raven
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| EF-111 Raven | |
|---|---|
 |
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| The EF-111 Raven electronic warfare variant. | |
| Type | Electronic-warfare |
| Manufacturer | General Dynamics conversion by Grumman |
| Maiden flight | 1977-03-10 |
| Retired | 1998 |
| Status | Retired |
| Primary user | United States Air Force |
| Number built | 42 |
| Unit cost | US$15 million + $25 million each for conversion[1] |
| Variants | General Dynamics F-111 |
The General Dynamics/Grumman EF-111A Raven was an electronic warfare aircraft designed to replace the elderly and obsolescent Douglas EB-66 in the United States Air Force.
In 1972, the USAF contracted Grumman to convert some existing F-111As into electronic warfare/ECM aircraft. The USAF had considered the Navy Grumman EA-6B Prowler, but was reluctant to adopt a Navy aircraft. Ironically, after the retirement of the EF-111 in the 1990s, the Air Force began using the EA-6B in joint operations with the Navy to close the suddenly-critical electronic warfare gap it faced.
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[edit] Development
A contract to develop the EF-111A was awarded to Grumman in 1974, modifying existing F-111A airframes. The first fully equipped model flew on March 10, 1977, known then as the "Electric Fox", and deliveries to combat units began in 1981. A total of 42 conversions were completed, the last delivered by the end of 1985 at a total cost of $1.5 billion.[1] The EF-111A received the official popular name Raven, although in service it acquired the nickname "Spark 'Vark".
[edit] Avionics
The Raven retained the F-111A's navigation systems, with a revised AN/APQ-160 radar primarily for ground mapping. The primary feature of the Raven, however, was the AN/ALQ-99E jamming system, developed from the Navy's ALQ-99 on the Prowler. Its primary electronics were installed in the weapons bay, with transmitters fitted in a 16 ft (5 m) long ventral "canoe" radome; the complete installation weighed some 6,000 lb (2,723 kg). Receivers were installed in a fin-tip pod, or "football," similar to that of the EA-6B. The aircraft's electrical and cooling systems had to be extensively upgraded to support this equipment. The cockpit was also rearranged, with all flight and navigation displays relocated to the pilot's side, and flight controls except throttles being removed from the other seat, where the electronic warfare officer's instrumentation and controls were installed.
EF-111s were unarmed, although a few sources indicated that the inner wing pylons could be fitted to allow carriage of AIM-9 Sidewinders for self-defense. The aircraft's considerable speed and acceleration were its main means of self-defense. The EF-111 was not capable of firing anti-radiation missiles in the lethal SEAD role, which was a tactical limitation.
In 1986 the EF-111A's engines were upgraded to the more powerful TF30-P-9 of the -D model, with 12,000 lbf (53.4 kN) dry and 18,500 lbf (82.3 kN) afterburning thrust.[citation needed]
From 1987 to 1994 the Spark 'Vark underwent an Avionics Modernization Program (AMP), similar to the Pacer Strike program for the F model. This added a dual AN/ASN-41 ring-laser gyro INS, AN/APN-218 Doppler radar, and an updated AN/APQ-146 terrain-following radar. Cockpit displays were upgraded with multi-function displays borrowed from the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
[edit] Combat service
EF-111s saw combat use during Operation El Dorado Canyon (the 1986 retaliatory attack on Libya), Operation Just Cause (Panama, 1989) and Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On January 17, 1991, a USAF EF-111 was credited with a kill against an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1, which it managed to maneuver into the ground, making it the first and only F-111 to achieve an aerial victory over another aircraft.[1] On February 13, 1991, EF-111A s/n 66-0023 crashed into terrain while maneuvering to evade a perceived enemy aircraft threat killing Pilot Capt. Douglas L. Bradt and EWO Capt. Paul R. Eichenlaub. It was the only EF-111A lost during combat, the only loss killing its crew and one of just three EF-111s lost in its history.[2] EF-111s were also deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy in support of Operation Deliberate Force during the mid-1990s.
[edit] Decommissioning
The last deployment of the Raven was a detachment of EF-111s stationed at Al Kharj Air Base in Saudi Arabia until April 1998.
Shortly afterward, in May 1998, the USAF withdrew the final EF-111As from service, placing them in storage at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC). These were the final F-111s in service with the USAF. In the short term, EA-6B Prowlers are fulfilling this function for both the Navy and Air Force, but the EA-18G Growler, which is now in production, is expected to perform this role in the future.
[edit] Aircraft disposition
Of the 42 converted aircraft, 36 were sent to AMARC or scrapped, 3 were destroyed in crashes and 3 remain as display pieces:[3]
- 66-0016 is on display at Cannon Air Force Base, Nevada and bears the names of Pilot Capt. Douglas L. Bradt and EWO Capt. Paul R. Eichenlaub, the crew killed aboard 66-0023 during the Gulf War. It is also the airframe that was credited with the Mirage F1 kill.
- 66-0049 was the first prototype EF-111 and is on display at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho.
- 66-0057 is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[4]
- 66-0039 is located on the display row of the AMARC facility, which is part of the facility tour. According to a July 2006 AMARC inventory website, 32 other EF-111As remain at the facility, located in area 23 and 24. The 2 others sent to AMARC have likely been destroyed by scrapping.[5]
[edit] Specifications (EF-111A unless noted)
Data from Gunston, Bill (1987). The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. ISBN 0517633671.
General characteristics
- Crew: Two (Pilot and Electronic Warfare Officer)
- Unit cost: $15 million USD + $25 million each for conversion[1]
- Length: 76.0 ft (23.17 m)
- Wingspan: 63.0 ft spread, 32.0 ft swept (19.2 m / 9.74 m)
- Height: 20.0 ft (6.1 m)
- Wing area: 657.4 ft² spread, 525 ft² swept (61.07 m² / 48.77 m²)
- Airfoil: NACA 64-210.68 root, NACA 64-209.80 tip (F-111F)
- Empty weight: 55,275 lb (25,072 kg)
- Loaded weight: 70,000 lb[6] (31,751 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 89,000 lb (40,370 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Initially Pratt & Whitney TF30-P-3, later upgraded to TF30-P-9 turbofans with afterburner, 20,840 lbf (TF30-P-9) (92.7 kN (TF30-P-9)) each
- Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0186 (F-111D)
- Drag area: 9.36 ft² (0.87 m²) (F-111D)
- Aspect ratio: 7.56 unswept; 1.95 fully swept. (F-111D)
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 2.5, (1,650 mph) (above 30,000 ft for all F-111) (2,985 km/h (F-111))
- Range: 2,000 miles[7] (1,740 nautical miles)
- Service ceiling: 45,000 ft[6] (13,715 m)
- Rate of climb: 11,000 ft/min[6] (3,353 m/min)
- Thrust/weight: 0.598
- Lift-to-drag ratio: 15.8 (F-111)
Armament
- No normal armament, possibly 2xAIM-9 Sidewinder
- 2x600 gal fuel tanks possible
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Global Security. EF-111.
- ^ F-111.net. F-111 combat operations. April 14, 2006
- ^ F-111.net. F-111A Tail numbers. April 14, 2006
- ^ National Museum of the United States Air Force. General Dynamics EF-111A Raven Fact Sheet.
- ^ AMARC registry. July 2006.
- ^ a b c Timothy M. Laur Colonel, Steven L. Llanso (1995). Encyclopedia of Modern U.S. Military Weapons. ISBN 0425164373.
- ^ Global security. F-111 Aardvark specifications.
[edit] External links
[edit] Related content
Related development
Comparable aircraft
- Sukhoi Su-24 'Fencer'
- BAC TSR-2
- Panavia Tornado
- EA-6 Prowler - Similar in function and electronic warfare avionics
Designation sequence
Related lists
See also
- Electronic warfare
- Electronic countermeasures
- ELINT - Electronic Intelligence
