Duke of Kent
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Duke of Kent is a title which has been created various times in the peerages of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, most recently as a royal dukedom for the fourth son of King George V of the United Kingdom.
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[edit] History
A title associated with Kent first appears anciently with the Kingdom of Kent (or Cantware), one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that later merged to form the Kingdom of England. The Kings of Cantware (or Kent) date back to about 449. In 825 the kingdom was taken over by Egbert, King of Wessex. After 825, the Kingdom of Kent became a dependency of Wessex and was ruled by sub-kings, usually related to the Wessex rulers. The kingdom became something like the heir-apparent's title, as Aethelwulf, Egbert's son, became King in 825. By 860, Kent lost its status as a kingdom, becoming absorbed into Wessex. [1]
In the peerage of England, however, the first title of Kent was that of the Earl of Kent. After the death of his father, Godwin the Earl of Wessex, Leofwine (c1035-1066), sometime between 1056 and 1058, became Earl of Kent, a new earldom at the time. [2] It is possible that Godwin was the first Earl of Kent, since he ruled over that area as well as many others.
After Leofwine's death at Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror named his half-brother, Odo of Bayeux (c1036-1097), who was also Bishop of Bayeux, the new Earl of Kent. However, Odo was twice removed from this title. The first occasion was in 1082, when he was imprisoned; the second was in 1088, after aiding in the Rebellion of 1088, after which he fled England.
It was not until 1141 that the title returned, this time for William de Ipres; but he was deprived of the title in 1155. In 1227 it was revived for Hubert de Burgh, but became extinct with his death. In 1321, it was again revived for Edmund of Woodstock, and through the marriage of Joan Plantagenet to Thomas Holland, the title passed to the Holland family, which held the title until 1408. In 1461 it was revived for William Neville, and then in 1465 for Edmund Grey. The Grey family held the title until Henry Grey.
Henry Grey (1671-1740) succeeded his father, Anthony Grey, as the 12th Earl of Kent in 1702. In 1706, he was elevated to Marquess of Kent, along with Earl of Harold and Viscount Goderich. In 1710 he was elevated once again as Duke of Kent, and later Marquess Grey (1740). Henry had one son, George, who took the title Earl of Harold, and a daughter Lady Jemima. By the time of Henry's death in 1740, George, his only son, had died (in 1733), leaving the Duke of Kent without a male heir. His daughter would inherit the title of Marquess Grey and Baron of Lucas, but all of Henry's other titles, particularly Duke of Kent, became extinct with his death. And for the next 59 years the title remained so.
On 23 April 1799 the dukedom of Kent was, as a joint title with the dukedom of Strathearn and the earldom of Dublin, given to King George III's fourth son, Prince Edward Augustus. Edward had only one child, a daughter, Princess Alexandrina Victoria (the future Queen Victoria). Upon Edward's death in 1820, the dukedom of Kent became extinct, as he had no legitimate male heir. A title associated with Kent would remain in abeyance for the next 46 years.
The next creation of a title of Kent, was not that of Duke or Marquess, but rather that of Earl, with the creation of Prince Alfred (1844-1900), the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, as Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster, and of Kent in 1866. The Duke of Edinburgh (who later became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) had only one son, Prince Alfred, who would have probably inherited the title of Earl of Kent, among his father's other titles, had he not died before his father in 1899. With Prince Alfred's death in 1900, Kent's title once again became extinct.
In 1934, Prince George (1902-1942), the fourth son of King George V of the United Kingdom and Queen Mary, was created Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews and Baron Downpatrick. Prince George had three children before his death in 1942: Prince Edward, Princess Alexandra, and Prince Michael. Prince Edward, upon his father's death, succeeded to his father's peerages.
The current Duke of Kent has two sons. King George V's Letters Patent of 30 November 1917 restricted the style Royal Highness and the titular dignity of Prince to the sons of the Sovereign, the male line grandsons of the Sovereign, and the eldest living son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. Great grandchildren of the Sovereign in the male line enjoy the courtesy titles of the children of dukes. Therefore, the heir apparent to the dukedom of Kent (or properly the 1934 creation of it), is George, Earl of St. Andrews (1962-). The Earl of St. Andrews married in 1988, and has three children. His son Baron Downpatrick (1988-) is second in line to his grandfather's peerages. When the Earl of St. Andrews succeeds to the dukedom he will be styled His Grace The Duke of Kent. After the Earl of St. Andrews, and Baron Downpatrick, the current duke's younger son Lord Nicholas Windsor is in remainder to the dukedom.
[edit] Duties & Other Titles
The current Duke of Kent carries out numerous duties for the monarchy, both military and civil. The Present Duke of Kent is the Grand Master of the English Freemasons. The present Duke of Kent has performed a number of state visits to Commonwealth nations on behalf of the Queen. He has also acted as Counsellor of State. His Royal Highness is the Grand Prior (or Grand Master) of the Order of St Michael and St George. He holds numerous other appointments in the military.
The Duke of Kent holds the following subsidiary titles:
The elder son and heir of the current Duke of Kent uses the earldom of St. Andrews as a courtesy title. The Earl of St. Andrews' son, in turn, uses the courtesy title Baron Downpatrick.
The younger son of the current Duke of Kent is styled Lord Nicholas Windsor, a Roman Catholic convert, now barred from succession.
[edit] Coat of arms
The coat of arms anciently associated with Kent is that of a white horse rampant upon a red field. This is primarily associated with the Kingdom of Kent and possibly the earldom as well. Today, this is seen on the Council of Kent's arms and flag. As a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, this is not the coat of arms of the present Duke of Kent. The coat of arms of the Duke of Kent consists of the following:
- Arms: those of the Royal Arms, differenced by a label of five points argent (white), the points charged with an anchor azure (blue) and a cross gules (red) alternately.
- Crest: On a coronet of four crosses-patées alternated with four strawberry leaves a lion statant guardant or (gold), crowned with the like coronet and differenced with a label as in the Arms.
- Supporters: The Royal Supporters differenced with the like coronet (as in the crest) and label as in the arms. [3]
The standard of the Duke of Kent is a flag version of his arms [4]. The personal badge the present Duke of Kent is 'E' encircled by the garter of the Order of the Garter, surmounted by a ducal coronet.
[edit] Residence
The Duke and Duchess of Kent currently live at Wren Cottage in the grounds of Kensington Palace, but their office is based at York House at St. James's Palace.
[edit] The Dukes of Kent
There have been three periods in which there has been a Duke of Kent, the first occurring in 1710, the second in 1799 as a joint dukedom, and the third and present period in 1934. Prior to these, the title existed as an earldom. (See Earls of Kent.)
[edit] Dukes of Kent, First Creation (1710)
[edit] Dukes of Kent and Strathearn (1799)
[edit] Dukes of Kent, Second Creation (1934)
[edit] Probable Future Dukes of Kent
- Heir Apparent to the present Duke of Kent: George Philip Nicholas Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (b 26 June 1962)
- The Heir to the present Earl of St Andrews: Edward Edmund Maximilian George Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (b. 2 December 1988)
These probable future Dukes of Kent will bear the titles of "His Grace," but not the titles of "Prince" and "Royal Highness," not being sons or male-line grandsons of the sovereign.
[edit] Knights of the Garter
A number of the earls and dukes of Kent have also been knights of the Order of the Garter. The following shows both those earls that have been, as well as those dukes that have been.
[edit] Earls of Kent
- 1348 - Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent
- 1376 - Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent
- 1397 - Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent
- 1403 - Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent
- 1439 - William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent
- 1505 - Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Kent
[edit] Dukes of Kent
- 1713 - Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent (1671-1740)
- 1801 - Prince Edward, 1st Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767-1820)
- 1923 - Prince George, 1st Duke of Kent (1902-1942)
- 1935 - Prince Edward, 2nd Duke of Kent (1935-)
See also:
