Climbing specialist (cycling)

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A Marco Pantani, one of the modern eras greatest climbers.

A climbing specialist is a road bicycle racer who can ride especially well on highly inclined roads, such as those found among hills or mountains.

1 Role of climber in a race
2 Types of climbers
3 Climbing physics and physiology
4 Bicycle technology
5 King of the Mountains in stage races
6 Top climbing specialists of the past
7 Current climbing specialists

[edit] Role of climber in a race

In a sustained climb, the average speed declines and the aerodynamic advantage of drafting is diminished and setting the pace of the group becomes more important. A good climber modulates his speed and chooses the best line on a climb, allowing the following riders to have an easier job. If the group maintains a high tempo, it is more difficult for a rider to attack and ride away from the group.

Another important role in climbing is that of attacker or counter-attacker. Climbing specialists use their superior abilities either to attack on climbs and thereby gap the competitors, knowing that only other climbing specialists will be able to stay with them, or simply to maintain a high pace that others cannot match. A successful escape can help the climber achieve a victory if the race has a mountain-top finish, or even in a flat finish if the climber is able to maintain his lead after the climb is over. Climbing stages, along with individual time trials, are key stages in winning long stage races.

[edit] Types of climbers

Climbers tend to have a lot of endurance and specifically developed muscles for long hard climbs. They also tend to have a slim, lightweight physique, but some can become good climbers through concerted training. Ironically, many climbers are not very good descenders and many see their large time advantage diminished by the time they reach the bottom of a descent.

The most successful climbing specialists come in different shapes and specializations. Climbers with very small physique such as Roberto Heras (60 kg) and Gilberto Simoni (58 kg) thrive when the climbs reach dizzying heights and incredibly steep slopes where their low weight makes them more efficient and able to put in acceleration after acceleration. Their endurance also makes them good stage race specialists. Marco Pantani, champion of the 1998 Tour de France, could make attack after attack to break his opponents.

Other riders with similarly small physique but more power specialize in short but steep climbs, dubbed "sprinters hills". Examples include Paolo Bettini and Danilo Di Luca, who are able to sprint their way up the shorter climbs to win a stage or a single-day race. However, their lower endurance is a disadvantage in stage races where the climbs are usually longer, albeit at lower gradients. One fact that must be noted, however, is that many climbers cannot sprint very well because their relative small size do not allow them the strength of the bigger built sprinters.

The last category of climbers is the breakaway specialist who can ride aggressively with many attacks and sustain their lead over the ascents, descents, and flats. Famous examples include Laurent Jalabert and Richard Virenque, both of whom earned their King of the Mountains jerseys in the Tour de France by day-long breakaways amassing the points at every summit. Most notably, Laurent Jalabert started his career as a sprinter but transformed himself into a different type of rider at the end of his career. Many riders who are primarily time-trialists have also been able to compete in everything but the steepest climbs because of their good power-to-weight ratio. Tour de France winners Miguel Indurain and Jan Ullrich were primarily time-trialists but were also among the best in the mountain stages the years they won the Tour de France.

[edit] Climbing physics and physiology

Sports physiologists have attributed the advantage that small stature holds in cycling up steep ascents to the way in which body mass and body surface area scale according to height. As a hypothetical cyclist’s height increases, the surface areas of his body increase according to the square of his height whereas the mass of his body increases according to the cube of his height. The surface area relation applies not only to the total surface area of the body, but also to the surface areas of the lungs and blood vessels, which are primary factors in determining aerobic power. Thus, an equally-proportioned cyclist who has 50% more body mass (i.e. is 50% heavier) will generate only about 30% more aerobic power. On a steep climb most of the cyclist’s energy goes into lifting his own weight, so the heavier cyclist will be at a competitive disadvantage. There is, of course, a lower limit to the benefit of small stature because, among other factors, the cyclist must also lift the weight of his bicycle.

Scaling factors also account for the relative disadvantage of the small cyclist in descending, although more as a result of physics than physiology. A larger rider will experience a more powerful gravitational force because of his greater body mass, but he will not have as great an increase in the frontal area that creates aerodynamic drag. The downward force is proportional to the cube of height whereas the frontal area is proportional to the square of height. Descending exclusively under the force of gravity--i.e. not applying power through pedaling--the heavier rider will be faster.

Although these factors might seem to cancel each other out, the climber still has an advantage on a course with long ascents and long descents: adding several miles per hour on a slow, time-consuming climb is much more valuable than the same increase on a fast and brief descent. Any rider, of course, can improve his climbing speed by increasing his aerobic power and reducing his body weight and can increase his descending speed through better bike handling and the willingness to accept an increased risk of crashing. One of the few elite riders to use descending skill as a competitive advantage is Paolo Savoldelli, who is nicknamed "the falcon."

For a more quantitative treatment of climbing physics and physiology, see Swain, DP, Cycling: Uphill and Downhill [1].

[edit] Bicycle technology

Recent advances in bicycle components give the rider a wider range of gearing choices, allowing climbing specialists to use smaller gears to ascend optimally while still having the larger gears necessary to keep up with other riders in the flatter sections. Legendary climbers of the past such as Lucien Van Impe had to ride out of the saddle pushing large gears for hours at a time; climbers today are better able to match their gearing to the challenge and climb at a more reasonable cadence. The current UCI limit for the weight of bicycles is 6.8 kilos. This is despite many bike manufacturers can create bikes which are much lighter than this, the UCI deems this weight to be "safe".

[edit] King of the Mountains in stage races

Most stage races have a special category for the best climber, usually by awarding points at the important summits of the race. In the Tour de France for example, the best climber, or "King of the Mountains", is awarded the polka dot jersey (French: maillot à pois rouges).