Charlotte Lennox
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Charlotte Ramsay Lennox (c. 1730 - January 4, 1804) was a British author and poet of the 18th century. She is most famous as the author of The Female Quixote and her association with Samuel Johnson, Joshua Reynolds, and Samuel Richardson, but she had a long career and wrote both poetry, prose, and drama.
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[edit] Life
She was probably born in Gibraltar. Her father, James Ramsay, was a Scottish captain in the British Navy, and her mother was Scottish and Irish. She was baptised Barbara Ramsay. Very little direct evidence for her pre-public life is available, and biographers have extrapolated from her first novel elements that seem semi-autobiographical. She was, with her parents, in New York in 1738-1742, and at fifteen she accepted a position as a "companion" to the widow Mary Luckyn in London. A companion would be something above the position of servant but near it in function. When she arrived in London, however, she found that Mary Luckyn had gone insane, and so the position was cancelled. She then served as the companion to Lady Isabella Finch.
Her first volume of poetry was entitled Poems on Several Occasions, dedicated to Lady Finch in 1747. She was preparing herself for a position at court, but such a future was rendered moot by her marriage to Alexander Lennox, a Scot who was rarely employed. Indeed, his only known employment was in the customs office from 1773 - 1782, and this was reported to be as a benefice of the Duke of Newcastle as a reward for Charlotte. He also claimed to be the proper heir to the Earl of Lennox in 1768, but the House of Lords rejected his claims on the basis of bastardry.
Around 1750, Charlotte attempted to be an actor. She was not very successful this, at least at first, but she received a benefit night at the Haymarket Theatre in a production of The Mourning Bride in 1750. That year she also published her most successful poem, The Art of Coquetry in Gentleman's Magazine. She met Samuel Johnson around this time, and he held her in very high regard. When her first novel, The Life of Harriot Stuart, Written by Herself, appeared, Johnson threw a lavish party for Mrs. Lennox, with a laurel wreath and an apple pie that contained bay leaf. Johnson thought her superior to his other female literary friends, Elizabeth Carter, Hannah More, and Frances Burney. He ensured that Charlotte Lennox was introduced to all the elements of the London literary scene.
The women of Johnson's circle were not fond of Charlotte Lennox. Hester Thrale, Elizabeth Carter, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu all faulted her, either for her housekeeping or her unpleasant personality or her temper. They regarded her specifically as unlady-like and incendiary.
However, Samuel Richardson and Samuel Johnson both reviewed and helped out with Lennox's second and most successful novel, The Female Quixote, or, The Adventures of Arabella, and Henry Fielding praised the novel in his Covent Garden Journal. The Female Quixote was quite popular. It was reprinted and packaged in a series of great novels in 1783, 1799, and 1810. It was translated into German in 1754, French in 1773 and 1801, and Spanish in 1808. The novel formally inverts Don Quixote: as the don mistakes himself for the knightly hero of a Romance, so Arabella mistakes herself for the maiden love of a Romance. While the don thinks it his duty to praise the Platonically pure damsels he meets (such as the prostitute of his love), so Arabella believes it is in her power to kill with a look and it is the duty of her lovers to suffer ordeals on her behalf.
Joseph Baretti taught Lennox Italian and several helped her translate The Greek Theatre of Father Burnoy in 1760. Learning several languages, Charlotte Lennox took an interest in the sources for Shakespeare's plays. In 1753, she wrote Shakespear Illustrated, which discussed Shakespeare's sources extensively. She preferred originals to their adaptations, and so her work ended up being critical of Shakespeare. She did not discuss any of the beauties of Shakespeare's poetry or the power of his personifications, and so Garrick and Johnson both regarded her work as being more of a case of Shakespeare exposed than Shakespeare illustrated. In 1755 she translated Memoirs of Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of Sully, which sold well.
Her third novel, Henrietta, appeared in 1758 and sold well, but it did not bring her any money. From 1760 to 1761 she wrote for the periodical The Lady's Museum, which contained material which would eventually comprise her 1762 novel Sophia. David Garrick produced her Old City Manners at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1775 (an adaptation of Ben Jonson's Eastward Ho). Finally, in 1790, she published Euphemia, her last novel, with little success, as the public's interest in novels of romance seems to have waned.
She had two children who survived infancy, Harriot Holles Lennox (d. 1782) and George Lewis Lennox (b. 1771). She was estranged from her husband for many years, and the couple finally separated for good in 1793. He left for America after their separation, while she lived in poverty, entirely on the support of the Literary Fund. She died on January 4, 1804 and was buried in an unmarked grave at Broad Court cemetery.
During the 19th century, The Female Quixote remained moderately popular. In the 20th century, feminist scholars such as Janet Todd, Jane Spencer, and Nancy Armstrong have praised Lennox's skill and inventiveness.
[edit] Works
[edit] Poetry
- Poems on Several Occasions (1747)
- The Art of Coquetry (1750)
[edit] Novels
- The Life of Harriot Stuart (1751)
- The Female Quixote (1752)
- Henrietta (1758)
- Sophia (1762)
- Euphemia (1790)
[edit] Plays
- The Sister (1762)
- Old City Manners (1775)
[edit] External links
- The Charlotte Lennox page at the University of Missouri
- Ruth Facer, 'Charlotte (Ramsay) Lennox (c.1729-1804)' at www.chawton.org
[edit] References
- Amory, Hugh. "Charlotte Lennox". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 33, 371-4. London: Oxford University Press.
