Black Tortoise (Chinese constellation)
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The Black Tortoise (Chinese: 玄武; pinyin: Xuán Wǔ, literally "Black Warrior") is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is sometimes called the Black Warrior of the North (北方玄武), and it represents the north and the winter season. Although its name in Chinese, Xuánwǔ, is often translated as Black Tortoise in English, it is usually depicted as both a tortoise and a snake, specifically with the snake coiling around the tortoise.
The Chinese constellations were not only used by Chinese cartographers, they were also used by Korean and Japanese cartographers as well. In Japanese, the Black Tortoise is called Genbu, and it has been depicted in numerous Japanese comic books and animations. In Korean it is called Hyeon-mu.
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[edit] The Seven Mansions of the Black Tortoise
Like the other Four Symbols, the Black Tortoise corresponds to seven "mansions", or positions, of the moon.
- Dipper (Chinese: 斗; pinyin: Dǒu)
- Ox (Chinese: 牛; pinyin: Niú)
- Girl (Chinese: 女; pinyin: Nǚ)
- Emptiness (Chinese: 虛; pinyin: Xū)
- Rooftop (Chinese: 危; pinyin: Wēi)
- Encampment (Chinese: 室; pinyin: Shì)
- Wall (Chinese: 壁; pinyin: Bì)
[edit] Origin
In ancient China, the tortoise and the snake were thought to be spiritual creatures symbolising longevity. During the Han Dynasty, people often wore jade pendants that were in the shape of tortoises. Because of ancient Chinese influence on Japan, honorific titles and badges in Japan often referred to the tortoise or images of tortoises.
Then a legend arose that told of female tortoises being unable to mate with male tortoises, but only with male snakes. This made the male tortoise angry, but the female tortoise kept the male tortoise at a distance by urinating around herself. From then on, men whose wives were having extramarital affairs were often referred to as "tortoises," and so people stopped using the tortoise as a fortuitous symbolism.
The depiction of the Xuánwǔ as a tortoise-snake creature may have came into existence because of this legend of female tortoises and male snakes mating. However, this explanation is uncertain, because the depiction could have came into existence as early as the Zhou Dynasty.
[edit] Historic Reference
In the classic novel, Journey to the West, Xuánwǔ was a king of the north who had two generals serving under him, a "Tortoise General" and a "Snake General." This king had a temple at Wudang Mountains in Hubei, thus there is a "Tortoise Mountain" and a "Snake Mountain" on the opposite sides of a river in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei.
In Taoist legend it was said that Xuánwǔ was a prince of a Chinese Emperor, however, he was not interested in taking the thron but decided to study in Tao's way. At age 15, he left his parents to search for enlightment in Tao's way. It was said that he eventually achieve god status and was worshiped as a god of northern sky.
Other Chinese legends also speak of how the "Tortoise General" and a "Snake General" came to be. During Xuánwǔ's study to achieve enlightment and god status he was told that in order to fully achieve god status, he must purge all humanly flesh body. Since he was born he has been eating the food of the world, humanly food, therfore his stomach and intestines are still human. Legend told of an event that a god came and change out his human stomach and intestines for a godly body so he can fully achieve god status. (It was also said that the stomach and intestines that was tossed out became the "Tortoise Mountain" and "Snake Mountain".) The stomach and intestines taken out by the god whom did the surgery on Xuánwǔ was said to had taken the shape of a tortoise(stomach) and snake(intestines). As many Chinese legends speaks of certain animals can become demons over time as they gain knowledges, that's what the tortoise and snake have become and terrorizing people. As Xuánwǔ, now in his god status heard of this, he came and slay the demons from his past, however, he did not kill them, as the snake and tortoise demons shows remorse, he let them train under him and atone for their wrong doings and they became the "Tortoise General" and "Snake General" and they assist Xuánwǔ with his quests.
[edit] See also
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| Chinese constellations |
|---|
| Three enclosures (三垣): |
| Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣) | Supreme Palace enclosure (太微垣) | Heavenly Market enclosure (天市垣) |
| Four Symbols (四象) and Twenty-eight mansions (二十八宿): |
| East: Azure Dragon (青龍): Horn (角) | Neck (亢) | Root (氐) | Room (房) | Heart (心) | Tail (尾) | Winnowing Basket (箕) |
| South: Vermilion Bird (朱雀): Well (井) | Ghost (鬼) | Willow (柳) | Star (星) | Extended Net (張) | Wings (翼) | Chariot (軫) |
| West: White Tiger (白虎): Legs (奎) | Bond (婁) | Stomach (胃) | Hairy Head (昴) | Net (畢) | Turtle beak (觜) | Three stars (參) |
| North: Black Tortoise (玄武): Dipper (斗) | Ox (牛) | Girl (女) | Emptiness (虛) | Rooftop (危) | Encampment (室) | Wall (壁) |
