Battle of Clontarf
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| Battle of Clontarf | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Combatants | |||||||
| Irish of Munster | Irish of Leinster and Dublin Vikings | ||||||
| Commanders | |||||||
| Brian Boru† | Máelmorda mac Murchada, Sigtrygg | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| ca. 7,400 men | ca. 7,000 men | ||||||
| Casualties | |||||||
| 1,600-4,000 dead | 6,000 dead | ||||||
The Battle of Clontarf took place on Good Friday in 1014 (April 23) between the forces of Brian Boru and the forces led by the King of Leinster, Máelmorda mac Murchada: comprised mainly of his own men, Viking mercenaries from Dublin and the Orkney Islands led by his cousin Sigtrygg, as well as the one rebellious king from the province of Ulster. It ended in a rout of the Máelmorda's forces, along with the death of Brian; who was killed by a few Norsemen who were fleeing the battle and stumbled upon his tent. After the battle Ireland returned to a fractious status quo between the many small, separate kingdoms that had existed for some time.
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[edit] Background
Brian Boru (Brian mac Cennétig) had ruled most of Ireland since 1002, but the island was still highly fractious and the title of "High King" had been largely ceremonial. Brian looked to change this, and unite the island, which he set about doing over a period of years.
In 997 Brian Boru and Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill had met in Clonfert and reached an agreement where they recognized each other's reign over their respective halves of the country. Brian attacked Máel Sechnaill's territory constantly, which forced Máel Sechnaill to resign his land to Brian.
In 1012 the king of Leinster, Máelmorda mac Murchada, rose in revolt. His attempts were quickly thwarted when Brian arranged a series of cross-marriages, giving his daughter to Sigtrygg Silkbeard, leader of the Dublin Vikings, and himself marrying Sigtrygg's mother and Máelmorda's sister, Gormlaith. However this alliance was destined not to last, and in 1013 Máelmorda again went to the Sigtrygg after being admonished by Gormlaith for accepting Brian's rule. This time Sigtrygg was ready to fight, and various Irish clans who were envious of Brian quickly joined.
Brian immediately imprisoned Gormlaith, and went on a series of raids around Dublin in order to tie down any Irish who would attempt to join the Viking forces. Meanwhile Gormlaith contacted Sigurd Lodvesson, the Viking earl of the Orkney Isles, to come to her aid. He not only agreed, but in turn contacted Brodir of the Isle of Man to join the fight. Sigurd and Brodir both planned on killing the other after the battle to take the seat of High King for themselves, while Sigtrygg was busy trying to form alliances with everyone involved in an attempt to at least retain his own seat in Dublin.
In 1014 Brian's army had mustered and set off towards Dublin. As they approached, the Irishmen of Meath, commanded by ex-high king Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, refused to take part in the battle. This left him with 7,000 men, outnumbering the 2,000 or so under Sigtrygg, but considerably worse equipped in comparison. They arrived outside the walls of Dublin and set up camp.
That night Brian received news that the Viking forces had boarded their longships and headed out to sea, deserting Sigtrygg. This was in fact a ruse. After nightfall they turned around and landed on the beaches of Clontarf, just over a mile to the north of Dublin, in order to surprise Brian's army the next day. At the time Dublin was only on the south shore of the River Liffey, connected to the north bank, and Clontarf, only by a single bridge. This allowed the Vikings time to disembark and prepare in relative safety.
[edit] The battle
The Viking army formed up into five divisions on the field, while Sigtrygg and 1,000 of his men remained in town. Sigtrygg's son commanded the extreme left of the line with 1,000 of the men from Dublin who decided to fight in the open. Máelmorda added another 3,000 men from Leinster in two divisions. Although numerous, they too were poorly armed in comparison to the Vikings on either side. Sigurd's Orkney Vikings manned the center with 1,000 men, and Brodir's Vikings added another 1,000 or more on the right, on the beaches.
Brian's forces were arranged in a similar fashion. On the right (the Viking left) were 1,000 foreign mercenaries and Manx Vikings. Next to them, 1,500 clansmen of Connacht were gathered under their kings, while more than 2,000 Munster warriors under Brian's son Murchad continued the front, flanked by 1,400 Dal Caissans on the extreme left led by Murchad's 15-year-old son, Tordhelbach, and Brian's brother, Cuduiligh. Off to the right and several hundred yards to the rear stood Máel Sechnaill's 1,500 men who simply watched.
The battle opened with several personal taunts between men in either line, often ending with the two men marching out into the middle of the field to enter personal battle, while the forces on either side cheered. While this went on the two groups slowly edged towards each other. They engaged early in the morning.
At first the battle went the Vikings' way, with their heavier weapons prevailing over their opponents as everyone had expected. This advantage also served Brian, whose Viking mercenaries on his right slowly pushed back the forces facing them. On the left, Brodir himself led the charge and gained ground, until he met the warrior Wolf the Quarrelsome, brother of King Brian. Although Wolf was unable to break Brodir's armor, he knocked him to the ground and Brodir fled to hide. This left the now leaderless Viking force facing Murchad's forces, who considered themselves the "king's own" (containing many of Brian's more distant relatives) and by the afternoon Brodir's forces were fleeing to their ships.
In the center things were going more the Vikings' way. Both Sigurd's and Máelmorda's forces were hammering into the Leinster forces. However Sigurd, according to legend, carried a "magical" standard into battle which drew the Irish warriors to it, eventually forcing their way in and killing the bearer. Although the standard was supposed to guarantee a victory for the bearer's forces, it also guaranteed the bearer's death. Fearing it, no one else would pick it up, so Sigurd did and was quickly killed.
By the end of the day, after several mutual pauses for rest, the Vikings found themselves with both flanks failing, Sigurd dead, and everyone exhausted. The beaches in front of the ships were already lost, and many men took to trying to swim to the ships further offshore, drowning in the process. The battle was now clearly going Brian's way, and the Dublin Vikings decided to flee to the town. At this point Máel Sechnaill decided to re-enter the battle, and cut them off from the bridge. The result was a rout, with every "invading" Viking leader being killed in the battle.
Meanwhile Brodir, hiding in the woods near Dublin, noticed Brian praying in his tent. Gathering several followers they ran into the tent and killed him and his retainers. Then they retreated, with Brodir yelling, Now let man tell man that Brodir felled Brian. According to Viking accounts, he was eventually tracked, captured and gruesomely killed by Wolf the Quarrelsome with whom he had clashed earlier on the battlefield.
Of the 7,000 to 8,000 Vikings and allied forces, an estimated 6,000, including almost all the leaders, were killed. Irish losses were at least 1,600, and perhaps as high as 4,000, including their king and most of his sons. There was no longer any clear line of succession.
[edit] Aftermath
With the Irish now leaderless, and the power of the Vikings as a political force broken, Ireland soon returned to a series of bloody factional fighting. However things had changed as a result of the battle, with Viking and Gaelic culture no longer contesting power. After a number of years this led to a lasting peace, and the Vikings would instead turn to England and Scotland, eventually taking power when Canute the Great was installed as King in 1015.
Sigtrygg had watched the battle with Gormlaith from Dublin, and with the Irish army melting away the next day, ended up perhaps the only "winner" of the contest, ruling in Dublin until his death in 1042.
[edit] Fiction
- A fictionalised (including fantasy elements) telling of the battle is the core of the short story The Twilight of the Grey Gods by Robert E. Howard. The same author also wrote a straight-adventure story describing the battle, titled "Spears of Clontarf".
- A fictionalised telling of the battle can be read in Lion of Ireland by Morgan Llewellyn
- In Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the Irish character of Miles O'Brien was fond of recreating the battle in Deep Space 9's holosuites. In the episode "Bar Association", he and his friend Doctor Julian Bashir garbed themselves in traditional costume of the day.
[edit] Music
- An account of this battle is the central motif of the album Cluain Tarbh, by Gaelic doom metal band Mael Mórdha.
[edit] See also
- Brian Boru
- Sigurd
- Irish battles
- Njál's saga - which has a section on the Battle of Clontarf
