Ax–Kochen theorem

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The Ax–Kochen theorem, named for James Ax and Simon Kochen, states that for any given natural number d there is a finite set Y of exceptional primes, such that if p is any prime not in Y then every non-constant homogeneous polynomial of degree d over the p-adic numbers in at least d²+1 variables represents 0. ^[1]

1 The proof of the theorem
2 Exceptional primes
3 See also
4 References

[edit] The proof of the theorem

The proof of the theorem makes extensive use of methods from mathematical logic, such as model theory.

One first proves Serge Lang's theorem, stating that the analogous theorem is true for the field F_p((t)) of formal Laurent series over a finite field F_p (with no exceptional primes). In other words, every non-constant homogeneous polynomial of degree d with more than d² variables has a non-trivial zero (so F_p((t)) is a C₂ field).

Then one shows that if two Henselian valued fields have equivalent valuation groups and residue fields, and the residue fields have characteristic 0, then they are equivalent (which means that a first order sentence is true for one if and only if it is true for the other).

Next one applies this to two fields, one given by an ultraproduct over all primes of the fields F_p((t)) and the other given by an ultraproduct over all primes of the p-adic fields Q_p. Both residue fields are given by an ultraproduct over the fields F_p, so are isomorphic and have characteristic 0, and both value groups are the same, so the ultraproducts are equivalent. (Taking ultraproducts is used to force the residue field to have characteristic 0; the residue fields of F_p((t)) and Q_p both have non-zero characteristic p.)

The equivalence of these ultrproducts implies that for any sentence in the language of valued fields, there is a finite set Y of exceptional primes, such that for any p not in this set the sentence is true for F_p((t)) if and only if it is true for the field of p-adic numbers. Applying this to the sentence stating that every non-constant homogeneous polynomial of degree d in at least d²+1 variables represents 0, and using Lang's theorem, one gets the Ax-Kochen theorem.

[edit] Exceptional primes

Emil Artin conjectured this theorem without the finite exceptional set Y, but Guy Terjanian^[2] found the following 2-adic counterexample for d = 4. Define

G(x) = G(x₁, x₂, x₃) =Σ x_i⁴ − Σ_i<j x_i²x_j² − x₁x₂x₃(x₁ + x₂ + x₃)

Then G has the property that it is 1 mod 4 if some x is odd, and 0 mod 16 otherwise. It follows easily from this that the homogeneous form

G(x) + G(y) + G(z) + 4G(u) + 4G(v) + 4G(w)

of degree d=4 in 18> d² variables has no non-trivial zeros over the 2-adic integers.

Later Terjanian^[3] showed that for each prime p and multiple d>2 of p(p−1), there is a form over the p-adic numbers of degree d with more than d² variables but no nontrivial zeros. In other words, the exceptional set Y for degree d> 2 contains all primes p such that p(p−1) divides d.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ James Ax and Simon Kochen, Diophantine problems over local fields I., American Journal of Mathematics, 87, pages 605-630, (1965)
^ Guy Terjanian, Un contre-example à une conjecture d'Artin, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. A-B, 262, A612, (1966)
^ Guy Terjanian, Formes p-adiques anisotropes. (French) Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, 313 (1980), pages 217-220