Anglo-Saxon architecture

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Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the history of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid-5th century until the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Anglo-Saxon buildings in Britain were generally simple, constructed mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Generally preferring not to settle in the old Roman cities, the Anglo-Saxons built small towns near their centres of agriculture. In the towns, there is evidence of main halls, and other forms of building of the towns people.

There are few remains of Anglo-Saxon architecture. At least fifty churches are of Anglo-Saxon origin, with many more claiming to be, although in some cases the Anglo-Saxon part is small and much-altered. All surviving churches, except one timber church, are built of stone or brick, and in some cases show evidence of re-used Roman work.

Anglo-Saxon stone carving at Earls Barton church

The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings range from Coptic influenced architecture in the early period; basilica influenced Romanesque architecture; and in the later Anglo-Saxon period, an architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings.

Almost no secular work remains above ground, although the Anglian Tower in York has been controversially dated to the seventh century.

1 Historical context
2 Seventh century
3 Eighth, ninth and tenth centuries
4 Eleventh century
5 External links

[edit] Historical context

The fall of Roman Britain at the beginning of the fifth century allowed an influx of invaders from northern Germany including the Angles and Saxons. Their secular buildings were rectangular post built structures, where timber posts were driven into the ground to form the framework of the walls upon which the roofs were constructed. Though very little contemporary evidence survives, methods of construction, including examples of later buildings, can be compared with methods on the continent.

Reconstructed basilican plan of Brixworth church

The Angles and the Saxons had their own religion, but Christianity was on its way. St Patrick, a Romano-British man, converted Ireland to Christianity. The architecture though was initially influenced by Coptic monasticism. Examples of this can be seen today in the form of rectangular dry-stone corbelled structures, such as at Dingle, Ireland. Christianity and the Irish influence came to England through missionaries. This so called Celtic Church spread to Northumbria, where St Aidan established the monastery at Lindisfarne in 635.

In 597, St Augustine, sent by the Pope from Rome to re-establish Christianity in England, built the first cathedral at Canterbury most likely in a basilican form, like the Christian churches in Rome. He brought the Roman form of Christianity which differed from the Celtic Church. The influence of this form of Christianity spread through England.

In 664 a synod was held at Whitby, Yorkshire, and leaders of both the Celtic and Roman Church decided to follow the Roman form of Christianity, resulting in uniting the church throughout England.

Triple arch opening separating the nave and chancel in the 7th century basilican church at Reculver, Kent (now destroyed)

Column detail, Reculver church

Subsequent Danish (Viking) invasion marked a period of destruction of many buildings, including in 793 the raid on Lindisfarne. Buildings including cathedrals were rebuilt, and the threat of conflict had an inevitable influence on the architecture of the time. During and after the reign of Alfred the Great (871-899), Anglo-Saxon towns (burhs) were fortified. Contemporary defensive banks and ditches can still be seen today as a result of this. Oxford is an example of one of these fortified towns, where the eleventh century stone tower of St. Michael's church has prominent position beside the former site of the North gate. The building of church towers, replacing the basilican narthex or West porch, can be attributed to this late period of Anglo-Saxon architecture.

During the period of cathedral rebuilding, St. Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury (940-957) and archbishop of Canterbury (961-988) instituted Benedictine reform, and was responsible for enlarging Glastonbury and St. Augustine's Abbey at Canterbury and introducing cloisters; the archetype being the plan of St. Gall, Switzerland: a plan of an idealised monastery. Though these buildings have been replaced by later Medieval work and are now ruins, these original buildings can be considered the prototype of English cathedrals with which we are familiar today.

[edit] Seventh century

The earliest surviving Anglo-Saxon architecture dates from the 7th century. Church designs at the time differed between the north, part of the Celtic Church, and the south, controlled by the Roman Catholic Church.

St Peter and St Paul Church, Canterbury, Kent (c. 600)
St Peter-on-the-Wall, Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex (654)
Ripon Cathedral crypt (circa 670)
Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory, Northumberland (c. 675)
St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth (c. 675)
Escomb Church, County Durham (c. 680)
St Laurence's Church, Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire

[edit] Eighth, ninth and tenth centuries

Little is attributable to the 8th and 9th centuries, due to the regular Viking raids.

All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire
St Wystan's church, Repton, Derbyshire (crypt c. 750, chancel walls ninth century)
St Oswald's Priory Church, Gloucester, Gloucestershire (c. 890)
St Mary's Priory Church, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire (c. 930)
St Mary & St Aethelflaed's Abbey Church, Romsey, Hampshire (c. 1000)
All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, Northamptonshire

[edit] Eleventh century

The 11th century saw the first appearance of the High Romanesque style in Britain. Many cathedrals were constructed, including Westminster Abbey, although all these were demolished and rebuilt by the Normans after 1066.