Alexander Shlyapnikov
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Alexander Gavrilovich Shlyapnikov (also spelt Shliapnikov) (in Russian, Александр Гаврилович Шляпников) (1885–1937) was a Russian communist, trade union leader and skilled metalworker.
Shlyapnikov was born in Murom, Russia to a poor family of the Old Believer religion. His father died when he was a small child. Shliapnikov began factory work at age thirteen and became a revolutionary at age sixteen. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1903. He was arrested and imprisoned at various times for his radical political activities, including his involvement in the 1905 revolution. Shlyapnikov left Russia in 1908 and continued his revolutionary activities in Western Europe, where he also worked in factories and was a devoted trade unionist.
Shlyapnikov returned to Russia in 1916. He, Vyacheslav Molotov, and Petr Zalutsky were the senior Bolsheviks in Petrograd at the time of the February Revolution in 1917. More prominent figures such as Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin were abroad or in Siberian exile when the February Revolution began. In 1917, Shliapnikov became a member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. He also was elected to chairmanship of the Petrograd Metalworkers' Union and later of the All-Russian Metalworkers' Union. He led negotiations of a wage agreement between Petrograd metalworkers and factory owners in 1917.
Following the October revolution and the Bolshevik seizure of power, Shlyapnikov was appointed Commissar of Labor. Lenin called for a Bolshevik dictatorship, which was opposed by some Bolsheviks. Shlyapnikov supported a coalition government composed of left socialist parties, but he did not resign his post in the government, as some other Bolsheviks did. He played an important role in evacuating industry from Petrograd, as the Germans approached in 1918. As Commissar of Labor, he helped draft important directives on workers' control of industry and nationalization of industry and he staffed government bureaucracies with staff from trade unions. In the summer of 1918, he went to the south of Russia on a mission to gather food for the population of the Bolshevik-controlled cities of central Russia.
In fall 1918 and continuing into early-1919, Shliapnikov served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caspian-Caucasian Front in the Russian Civil War. He also served in the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front during the Civil War. During the Civil War, Shliapnikov began to criticize the increasing tendency of the Russian Communist Party and Soviet government to rely on authoritarian measures to enforce policies towards industry and industrial workers. To Shliapnikov, denial of workers' right to participate in economic decision-making was a step away from the goals of the 1917 revolution.
Shlyapnikov became leader of the Workers' Opposition movement inside the Russian Communist Party. Alexandra Kollontai was a mentor and advocate of the group, which was composed of leaders of trade unions and industry who were all former industrial workers, usually metalworkers. This movement advocated the role of workers, organized in trade unions, in managing the economy and the political party. The Russian Communist Party leaders succeeded in suppressing the Workers' Opposition and in 1921-1922 finally subordinated trade union leadership to the Party. In 1921, Shlyapnikov was forced out of his elected post as chairman of the Metalworkers' Union.
In 1922, Shlyapnikov, some others from within and outside the Workers' Opposition, including Alexandra Kollontai, presented an appeal, called the Letter of the Twenty-Two, to the Communist International Executive, requesting that the Comintern help heal a "rift" within the Russian Communist Party between Party leaders and workers. Party leaders and Party-controlled media condemned the appeal. Two of the signatories of the appeal were expelled from the Party, but Shlyapnikov, Kollontai, and Sergei Medvedev narrowly escaped expulsion.
Shlyapnikov turned to writing his memoirs and held jobs in metals import and economic planning institutions. The Party Central Control Commission investigated him in 1926 and in 1930 for oppositionist activities related to the Baku and Omsk affairs. In 1930, the Party Politburo forced Shlyapnikov to publish a public confession of "political errors" in writing his memoirs of the revolution. This was not the same as a confession of political errors committed by him since the revolution.
Shlyapnikov was expelled from the Communist Party in 1933 and imprisoned in 1935 for fabricated political crimes. Charged under Article 58 of the Soviet Criminal Code, he did not confess guilt, nor did he implicate others. Nevertheless, he was found guilty, based on others' testimony, and he was executed on the 2 September 1937, during the Terror.
Shliapnikov was posthumously rehabilitated and restored to membership in the Communist Party in 1988.
[edit] Bibliography
Daniels, Robert. The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, Mass., 1960; revised edition, Boulder, Col., 1988.
Futrell, Michael. Northern Underground: Episodes of Russian Revolutionary Transport and Communications through Scandinavia and Finland, 1863-1917. London, 1963.
Holmes, Larry E. For the Revolution Redeemed: The Workers Opposition in the Bolshevik Party, 1919-1921. The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 802 (1990).
Holmes, Larry E. "Soviet Rewriting of 1917: The Case of A. G. Shliapnikov." Slavic Review 2 (1979): 224-242.
Shliapnikov, A. G. On the Eve of 1917. Translated by Richard Chappell. London/New York, 1982.
Sorenson, Jay. The Life and Death of Soviet Trade Unionism: 1917-1928. New York, 1969.
