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Das Unabhängigkeitsreferendum von Montenegro, welches über die Unabhängigkeit der Republik Montengro von der Staatengemeinschaft Serbien und Montenegro entschied, wurde am 21. Mai 2006 abgehalten. Nach offiziellen Angaben vom 22. Mai 2006 waren 55,4% der abgegebenen Stimmen für die Unabhängigkeit der Republik Montenegro und damit für die Auflösung des Staatenverbundes zwischen Serbien und Montenegro.
Mit einer Zustimmung von mindestens 55% der abgegebenen Stimmen würde die Staatengemeinschaft zwischen den Republiken Serbien und Montengro aufgelöst, eine Option, die durch die Europäische Union gefordert wurde, um eine Republik Montenegro ihrerseits anzuerkennen. Bei einer Ablehung der Selbstständigkeit des bisherigen Teilstaates durch mindestens 45% der Bevölkerung würde die Föderationeiterhin bestehen bleiben. Wäre dieses Referendum gescheitert, dürfte innerhalb eines Jahres kein weiteres in dieser Frage abgehalten werden.
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[Bearbeiten] Verfassungsrechtlicher Hintergrund
Abspaltungsreferenda wurden 2002 in der Verfassung von Serbien und Montenegro geregelt. Laut Artikel 25 der Verfassung durfte erst nach einem Zeitrahmen von drei Jahren nach seiner Ratifikation einer der beiden Teilstaaten Unabhängigkeit erklären. Der gleiche Artikel bestimmt für diesen Schritt das Referendum zur Notwendigkeit. Allerdings sagt diese Verfassung auch aus, dass die beiden unterzeichnenden Mitgliedstaaten das Recht haben, Gesetze, die ein solches Referendum betreffen, zu entwerfen.
Die Verfassung von Serbien und Montenegro bestimmt weiterhin, dass jener Mitgliedsstaat, der den Bund verlassen will, alle damit verbundenen Rechte der politischen und rechtlichen Kontinuität verwirkt. Dies bedeutet konkret, dass der Staat, welcher aus der Föderation austritt, sich bei allen großen internationalen Institutionen wie beispielsweise den Vereinten Nationen erneut bewerben muss und seitens der internationalen Gemeinschaft anerkannt werden muss.
No state objected to recognizing newly formed state prior to the referendum.
[Bearbeiten] Legal procedure
[Bearbeiten] Before the referendum
According to the Montenegrin Constitution, state status cannot be changed without a referendum and the President of the state proposes a referendum to the Parliament. The referendum bill was introduced by the president of Montenegro, Filip Vujanović, and it was unanimously passed by the Montenegrin Assembly on May 21, 2006.
[Bearbeiten] After the referendum
The Referendum Bill obliges the Assembly which introduced the referendum to respect its outcome. It has to declare the official results within 15 days, and act upon them within 60 days.
Changes to the Montenegrin Constitution which involve changes of the state status require dissolving the Assembly when the bill is passed, and convocation of the new one within 90 days. The new Assembly has to adopt, with two thirds majority, such changes to the Constitution, or accept a new document.
[Bearbeiten] Referendum rules controversies
There has been considerable controversy over suffrage and needed result threshold for independence. The Montenegrin government, which supports independence, initially advocated simple majority, but the opposition kept proposing a certain threshold below which the referendum, if ayes won, would be moot.
European Union envoy Miroslav Lajčák proposed independence if a 55% supermajority of votes are cast in favour with a minimum turnout of 50%, a determination that prompted some protests from the pro-independence forces. The Council of the European Union unanimously agreed to Lajčák's proposal, and the Đukanović government ultimately backed down in its opposition. [1]
Another controversial topic was if the diaspora living abroad would be allowed to vote. According to the referendum law, Montenegrins living within Serbia would not be allowed to vote in the referendum; however, the rest of the diaspora would in fact be allowed to cast their vote. This has sparked controversies suggesting that there was a double standard in place, as the number of Montenegrins living in Serbia is estimated to be close to 300,000.[2]
[Bearbeiten] Referendum question
- Želite li da Republika Crna Gora bude nezavisna država sa punim međunarodno-pravnim subjektivitetom [3]
- Do you want the Republic of Montenegro to be an independent state with full international judicial legitimacy?
[Bearbeiten] Alleged irregularities during campaigning
[Bearbeiten] Bribery by independence activists
On March 24, 2006, a nine-minute video clip was aired that shows two local DPS activists from Zeta region Ranko Vučinić and Ivan Ivanović, along with a former member of secret police Vasilije Mijovic attempting to bribe citizen Mašan Bušković into casting a pro-independence vote at the upcoming referendum. In the video clip they're seen and heard convincing Buskovic to vote for independence, and they promise to pay off his electric bill of 1 500 euros in return.
When the video became public, two DPS activists claimed they were victims of manipulation and that Vasilije Mijovic talked them into doing so. Mijovic denied those claims saying the video is authentic. DPS spokesperson Predrag Sekulić claimed the video was "a montage" and "a cheap political setup." Mašan Bušković, the target of the attempted bribe, on the other hand said the video is authentic and that it portrays events exactly as they occurred. [4]
[Bearbeiten] Opinion Polling
Polling throughout the campaign was sporadic, with most polls showing pro-independence forces leading but not surpassing the 55% threshold. Only in the later weeks did polls begin to indicate the threshold would be passed, albeit barely. [5]
[Bearbeiten] Results
According to first estimates at 21:00 (CET) when the voting stations closed, 86.6% of eligible voters, or 419,000 voters out of 484,718 voters (in 1,124 voting areas) have voted, local NGO organisations monitoring the referendum said. [6]
At 23:45, the final preliminary results by CeSID show 55.3% [7] votes of support to the independence for Montenegro. The government claimed victory after the first preliminary results announced by CeSID and CEMI and people have begun to celebrate already in streets of the republic. [8]
The final CeSID and CEMI estimate is 55.3% for independence and is not expected to differ significantly from the final official election results. Montenegrin prime minister Milo Đukanović appeared on Montenegrin television station at about 1:40 AM CEST and said that after 99% of the votes had been counted, the percentage of votes for independence was 55.5%, and the remaining votes could not change the outcome of the referendum. [9]
On the other side, leader of the unionist bloc, Predrag Bulatović, said at a press conference around 00:15 AM that the 54% voted "yes", which is below the 55% threshold.
Finally, Frantisek Lipka, the referendum commission president or Chairman of the Electoral Commission announced on May 22 that the final results had been 55.4% in favor of independence, effectively ending the union between the two countries.[10] Prime Minister of the Republic of Montenegro Milo Djukanovic will hold a press conference on Monday, May 22, 2006. The press conference will take place at 14:30, at the Congress Hall of the Government of the Republic of Montenegro. [11]
[Bearbeiten] References
- ↑ EU Observer article, subscription needed
- ↑ Balkan Analysis: An Independent Montenegro?
- ↑ Official Ballot (PDF)
- ↑ RTS: Opozicija prikazala film o kupovini glasova
- ↑ EUObserver: EU awaits Montenegro independence vote
- ↑ DTT-NET: Voting ends with high turnout at Montenegro referendum
- ↑ B92: Crna Gora nezavisna
- ↑ DTT-NET: Montenegro government claims independence victory
- ↑ CNN: Poll: Montenegro quits Serbia
- ↑ AP: Montenegro Votes to Secede from Serbia
- ↑ Prime Minister of Montenegro
[Bearbeiten] External links
[Bearbeiten] See also
- Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992
