頌歌
维基百科，自由的百科全书
頌歌是由英文的anthem翻釋過來的，原本是指以英文寫成的宗教性文章中的詩歌，後來衍生為有頌揚意思的歌曲，通常做為一群人的團體符號。如national anthem，意思為頌揚國家的歌曲，即為國歌。
[编辑] 歷史
頌歌(anthem)源自希臘語αντιφωνα，經過撒克遜antefn演變而來。這一詞原和交互輪唱(antiphony)有相同意思。
無論如何，它現在通常只單指某種形式的教堂音樂，尤其是指在英國國教會的禮拜上，被禮拜規程(rubrics)安排在早晚禱告中第三個短禱告(collect)後的。一般而言，也會有些一般的讚美詩(hymn)，和比較起來較精巧的頌歌而言，可以讓一般的會眾唱頌。一些的頌歌也會出現在英皇加冕儀式上。裡面的詞語選自聖經和一些禮拜時的情形，曲子則通常比詩篇(Psalm)和讚美詩的旋律更精巧及多變。雖然英國國教會的頌歌和天主教與信義宗的經文歌相似，兩者都是為有經過訓練的唱詩班，而非為一般會眾而寫的，頌歌在其起源和發展上，還是以英文為主的音樂類型。
The anthem developed as a replacement for the Catholic "votive antiphon" commonly sung as an appendix to the main office to the Blessed Virgin Mary or other saints. Though anthems were written in the Elizabethan period by Byrd, Tallis and others they are not mentioned in the Book of Common Prayer until 1662, when the famous rubric "In quires and places where they sing here followeth the Anthem" first appears.
Early anthems tended to be simple and homophonic in texture, in order that the words could be clearly heard. Late in the sixteenth century the "verse anthem", in which passages for solo voices alternated with passages for full choir, began to evolve. This became the dominant form in the Restoration period, when composers such as Henry Purcell and John Blow wrote elaborate examples for the Chapel Royal with orchestral accompaniment. In the nineteenth century Samuel Sebastian Wesley wrote anthems influenced by contemporary oratorio which could stretch to several movements and last twenty minutes or longer. Later in the same century Charles Villiers Stanford composed examples which used symphonic techniques to produce a more concise and unified structure. Many anthems have been produced on this model since his time, generally by organists rather than professional composers and often in a conservative style. Major composers have tended to compose anthems only in response to commissions and for special occasions; examples include Edward Elgar's Great is the Lord and Give unto the Lord (both with orchestral accompaniment), Benjamin Britten's Rejoice in the Lamb (a modern example of a multi-movement anthem and today heard mainly as a concert piece), and (on a much smaller scale) Ralph Vaughan Williams' O taste and see, written for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. With the relaxation of the rule, in England at least, that anthems should be only in English, the repertoire has been greatly enhanced by the addition of many works from the Latin repertory.
In common usage among Protestant churches in the U.S.A. the term "anthem" often refers to any short sacred choral work presented during the course of a worship service.
[编辑] 另見
頌歌的其他類型：
- Company songs (corporate anthems)
- La Espero (世界語的頌歌)
- 歐盟頌歌
- 向統帥致敬 (美國總統頌歌)
- 國際歌 (共產主義的頌歌)/
- 紅旗 (社會主義的頌歌)
- 國歌
- Rock and roll anthems
- Dance anthems
[编辑] 參考
- Peter Le Huray "Anthem" in Stanley Sadie, ed. The New Grove dictionary of music and musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980) ISBN 0-333-23111-2
- 这篇文章包含来自公有领域的1911年大英百科全书部分内容。
