皇家爱尔兰保安队
维基百科，自由的百科全书
皇家爱尔兰保安队（英语：-{Royal Irish Constabulary}-，缩写为RIC），与都柏林大都会警察为二十世纪爱尔兰两大警察部队。德里郡和贝尔法斯特另有自己的部队，但问题不断，特别是卷入教派主义暴力冲突，使其在1870年被解散，由保安队来承担其职责。保安队于1922年解散，被两支新的警察部队——爱尔兰自由邦（现为爱尔兰共和国）的爱尔兰治安卫队，以及北爱尔兰的皇家乌尔斯特保安队——所取代。这支部队大多数由天主教徒组成，虽然高层警官天主教徒较少。保安队的警察系统被作为加拿大西北骑警的范例采用，当时加拿大联邦政府正在西北地区寻求可靠的执法方案。
[编辑] 爱尔兰警察历史
The first organised police force in Northern Ireland came about through the Peace Preservation Act of 1814 but the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the true beginning of the Irish Constabulary. Among its first duties was the forcible seizure of tithes during the "Tithe War" on behalf of the Anglican clergy from the mainly Catholic population as well as the Presbyterian minority. The act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men. The force had been rationalised and reorganised in a 1836 act and the first constabulary code of regulations was published in 1837. The discipline was tough and the pay poor. The police also faced unrest among the Irish rural poor, manifested in organisations like the Ribbonmen, which attacked landlords and their property.
The new constabulary demonstrated their efficiency against Irish separatism with the putting down of the Young Ireland uprising led by William Smith O'Brien in 1848. There then followed a spell of relative calm. However the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded in 1858, planned an armed uprising against British rule. This rose into direct action in with the Fenian Rising of 1867, marked by attacks on the more isolated police stations. This rebellion was also put down fairly easily, as the police had infiltrated the Fenians with spies and informers. The loyalty of the constabulary during the rising was rewarded by Queen Victoria granting the force the prefix 'royal' and the right to use the insignia of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) presided over a marked decline in crime in the country with the rural unrest of the early nineteenth century (characterised by secret organizations and crimes such as unlawful armed assembly) being replaced by relative misdemeanors such as public drunkenness and minor property crimes. An exception to this trend was the Land War of 1879-82. Belfast, which was outside the control of the RIC, was marked with sectarian tensions as its population grew five-fold in fifty years, there were serious riots in 1857, 1864, 1872 and 1886. As a result the Belfast Town Police were disbanded and the responsibility for the city passed to the RIC.
Due to their ubiquity from the 1850s the RIC were tasked with a range of civil and local government duties together with their existing ones, closely tying the constables to their local communities. By 1901 there were around 1,600 barracks and some 11,000 constables. The majority of the lower ranks in rural areas were of the same social class, religion and general background as their neighbours. Through their enforcement of tens of thousands of evictions in rural Ireland and their harassment of Land league leaders, the RIC had attracted widespread opprobrium among the Irish Catholic population during the nineteenth century. However during the relative calm of the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, the RIC won general acceptance as an efficient organisation which served as a model for similar forces elsewhere in the British Empire and was no more unpopular at home than effective police forces generally are. The military ethos of the RIC with its "barracks" (usually simply rented houses), carbines and emphasis on army style drill and smartness distinguished the force from civil police in the mainland United Kingdom and Dublin. Throughout its history the RIC wore a distinctive dark green uniform with silver buttons and insignia.
The comparative ease of the RIC's existence was however increasingly troubled by the rise of the Home Rule campaign in the period prior to World War I. The potential success of the third Home Rule Bill in 1912 introduced great tensions: opponents of the Bill organised the Ulster Volunteer Force in January 1913 while supporters formed the Irish Volunteers in response. These two groups had over 250,000 members, organized as effective private armies, although most effort was directed against the nationalists, leaving the UVF a free hand. Sinn Féin was founded in 1905. Politics became more divisive and there was a rise in political violence, peaking in 1921.
[编辑] 爱尔兰独立战争
The Sinn Féin victory in the general election of 1918 and their creation of an independent parliament (Dáil Éireann) marked the beginning of guerilla war. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) under Michael Collins carried out systematic attacks on Crown forces, and the RIC as the direct instrument of British rule took the heaviest of the assaults. From the autumn of 1919, they were forced to abandon their more isolated barracks. Simultaneously a boycott of the police was enforced by the IRA, with alternative courts and police being set up. RIC members were threatened and assassinated in increasing numbers as part of a deliberate strategy intended to make rural Ireland ungovernable by the Crown. By October 1920, according to a statement made by the Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon, 117 RIC members had been killed and 185 wounded. Over a three month period during the same year 600 resigned from a force that had numbered only 9,500 when the rising began. During the first quarter of 1920 500 police barracks and huts in outlying areas were evacuated. The IRA had destroyed over 400 of these by the end of June to prevent their subsequent reuse. The consequence of this was the removal of protection of persons and property in many outlying areas and widespread intimidation, assault, murder and the wanton destruction of property. Large houses were burned, sometimes so that they could not be used for policing or military purposes.
To reinforce the much reduced and demoralised police the British government raised extra forces by recruiting World War I veterans from English and Scottish cities and sent them to Ireland in 1920, to form the notorious "Black and Tans" and Auxiliary Division of the Constabulary. Paddy O'Shea, the son of a regular RIC sergeant, described these reinforcements as "a plague and a Godsend. They brought help but frightened even those they had come to help". Some regular RIC men resigned in protest at the often brutal tactics of the new recruits. Others co-operated with the IRA either out of conviction or out of fear for their lives. A raid on an RIC barracks in Cookstown, County Tyrone, in June of 1920, was carried out with the help of sympathetic RIC men. The barracks in Schull, County Cork, was captured with similar aid. In October of 1920, RIC wages were increased to compensate for their increased cost of living, as most shops refused to serve them under Dáil Éireann's policy of ostracism of Crown forces.
In December 1920 the Government of Ireland Act partitioned the country and in July 1921 a truce was agreed. 418 RIC personnel had been killed in two years. The Anglo-Irish Treaty was the cause of the Irish Civil War. In January 1922 it was agreed to disband the RIC, replacing it with the Garda Síochána in the Free State and the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Northern Ireland.
Many RIC men went north to join the new RUC. This resulted in a force that was originally 40% Catholic. However, this percentage fell to 8% as these men eventually reached retirement and were not replaced by northern Catholics, who largely rejected the RUC's strongly unionist ethos. Some RIC men joined the Garda Síochána, having assisted the IRA in different ways. Many retired and the Free State agreed to pay their pensions. Others however, faced with threatened or actual violent reprisals, fled with their families to Britain. A number of these joined the Palestine Gendarmerie, which was recruiting in Britain at the same time, and later the Palestine Police.
