漢斯·恩斯特·卡爾·格拉夫·馮·齊騰
维基百科，自由的百科全书
漢斯·恩斯特·卡爾·格拉夫·馮·齊騰（Hans Ernst Karl Graf von Zieten，1699年5月14日—1786年1月26日），腓特烈大帝時期的普魯士元帥，著名騎兵將領。在第一次西里西亞戰爭中莫爾維茨會戰之後（1741年）提拔為驃騎兵中校。他曾參與後來的第二次西里西亞戰爭，以1,300驃騎兵為先鋒攻打薩克森及波希米亞首都布拉格。在霍亨弗里德堡戰役中以少將身份與拿騷中將率南段6,000名普魯士騎兵大勝奧地利軍。
後來齊騰亦參與過七年戰爭中的布拉格戰役、科林戰役、洛伊滕會戰、李格尼茨戰役、托爾高戰役。在布拉格戰役中25個驃騎兵中隊從戰場週邊迂回到奧軍中央背後發動奇襲，捲擊奧軍主力，奧軍大敗撤退。科林戰役中，齊騰擔任前鋒迂迴到奧軍右翼頂點發動進攻，但兵力不足而陷入苦戰之中，遭受挫敗。1745年，他在洛伊滕會戰率步兵突擊，大敗奧地利軍，得勝後與而腓特烈率領驃騎兵迂回到奧軍主力背後，令整個奧地利防線中央和左翼被完全毀滅，奧地利大軍崩潰。戰後齊騰指揮騎兵窮追不捨，俘虜奧軍2,000人，又在李格尼茨戰役後晉升至騎兵上將。托爾高戰役，齊騰率18,000人在南方正面牽制萊西的奧軍，擔任的佯攻任務，但是他充分發揮主動性，以一次接一次的衝鋒，緩慢地把萊西推向東北方向易北河邊，將其與背後及右翼的道恩主力拉開一段距離，然後突然兵鋒一轉，向西北方向衝進這個缺口，以本身4個騎兵旅，猛攻道恩主力。與其他戰線形成前後夾擊。奧軍總司令道恩元帥受傷，奧軍退卻。他的纍纍戰績以腓特烈麾下第一得力戰將的身份載入史冊。齊騰身材瘦弱，而且酗酒，性如烈火脾氣暴躁，但是戰時卻是有膽有識的一員勇將。
He began his military career as a volunteer in an infantry regiment, retired after ten years service, but soon afterwards became a lieutenant of dragoons. Being involved in some trade transactions of his squadron-commander, he was cashiered, but managed to obtain reinstatement, and was posted to a hussar corps, then a new arm. At that time light cavalry work was well known only to the Austrians, and in 1735 Rittmeister (Captain) von Zieten participated in the Rhine campaign under the Austrian general Baronay.
In 1741, just promoted lieutenant-colonel, Zieten met his old teacher in battle and defeated him at the action of Rothschloss. The chivalrous Austrian sent him a complimentary letter a few days later, and General Winterfeld (who was in command at Rothschloss) reported upon his conduct so favourably that Zieten was marked out by Frederick the Great for future higher command. Within a year he was colonel of the newly formed Hussar Regiment, and thereafter his advance was rapid. In the Moravian foray of the following year Zieten and his hussars penetrated almost to Vienna, and in the retreat to Silesia he was constantly employed with the rearguard.
Still more distinguished was his part in the Second Silesian War. In the short peace, the hussars, like the rest of the Prussian cavalry, had undergone a complete reformation. To their iron discipline they had added the dash and skirmishing qualities of the best irregulars, and the Prussian hussars were considered the best of their kind in Europe. Zieten fought the brilliant action of Moldau Tein almost on the day he received his commission as major-general. In the next campaign he led the famous Zietenritt around the enemy's lines with the object of delivering the king's order to a distant detachment. At Hohenfriedberg (Striegau) and at Katholisch-Hennersdorf the hussars covered themselves with glory. Hennersdorf and Kesselsdorf ended the Second Silesian War, but the Prussian army did not rest on its laurels, and their training during the ten years peace was careful and unceasing.
When the Seven Years' War broke out in 1756 Zieten had just been made lieutenant-general. At Reichenberg and at Prague he held important commands, and at the disastrous battle of Kolin (June 18, 1757) his left wing of cavalry was the only victorious corps of troops. At Leuthen, the most brilliant battle of the 18th century, Zieten's cavalry began the fighting and completed the rout of the Austrians. In June 1758 he was sent to protect a convoy with supplies for the army besieging Olomouc, but could not prevent it from being completely destroyed at Domašov. Despite that he continued, during the whole of the war, to be one of Frederick's most trusted generals.
About the only big error in his career of battles was his misdirection of the frontal attack at Torgau, but he made up for this mistake by his assault on the Siptitz heights, which eventually decided the day. After the war, General Zieten went into retirement, the hero alike of the army and the people. Six years after his death, Frederick's successor erected a column to his memory on the Wilhelmsplatz in Berlin.
[编辑] 參考文獻
- 顧劍 《普魯士腓特烈大帝的生平戰役》
- Dennis Showalter "The Wars of Frederick the Great" 1996年英文版
- Christopher Duffy "Frederick the Great: A Military Life" 1985年英文版
- Theodore Dodge "Great Captains" 1889年英文版
- 富勒 《西洋世界軍事史》 1981年中文版
- See the Lives by his niece, Leopoldine von Blumenthal (Berlin, 1800), by Hahn (5th ed, Berlin, 1878), by Lippe-Weisseafeld (2nd ed., Berlin, 1878), and by Winter (Leipzig, 1886).
