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柔术

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柔术(Contortion)是杂技的一种特殊表现形式,即将人的身体弯曲到常人难以达到的位置。柔术常作为杂技演出的一部分出现。总的来说,柔术演员拥有罕有的天生良好柔韧性,这种柔韧性还可以通过后天的体操训练进一步增强。

柔术表演
柔术表演

目录

[编辑] 描述

[编辑] 技巧

多数的柔术演员都会被分为前下腰者和后下腰者,究竟属于哪一种取决于她(他)的脊柱向哪一边更易弯曲。相对来说,只有很少的演员在前下腰和后下腰方面都很出色。

柔术演员常表演的技艺包括: 前下腰(frontbending):在腿保持伸直的情况下,将身体腰部向前弯曲。或者是在膝盖弯曲的状态下,把一条或两条腿放到颈部或肩部后面。演员在表演前下腰的时候可能会把身体穿过一个环或桶。

后下腰(backbending):在站立、趴在地上或用手站立的情况下,向后弯曲腰部使头部接触到脚,或者一直弯曲直到接触到臀部,如同坐在头上一样。我国还有一种特有的后下腰姿式——咬花,即仅以咬在一个托槽上嘴部支撑整个身体做出后下腰的动作。

劈叉(split)和超级劈叉(超过180°的劈叉)(oversplit):两脚分开,臀部坐在地上。做超级劈叉时也可能用两把椅子或者两名助手支撑脚部。劈叉和超级劈叉都可能包括前下腰或后下腰的一部分动作。

缩骨术(enterology):将身体挤进一个只有膝盖高、看起来人根本钻不进去的小箱子。演员通常采取的姿式是双腿交叉,头放在双腿膝盖之间。 “脱臼”(dislocation):肩关节或髋关节的“脱臼”常作为一种新奇的事物被在舞台上表演出来。一个常见的例子就是举起两只胳膊,双手握在在一起,然后把手和胳膊从身体的一端移到另一端。

[编辑] 表演类型

Ravi the Scorpion Mystic stands on one leg performing his act in Times Square, NYC, 2004
Ravi the Scorpion Mystic stands on one leg performing his act in Times Square, NYC, 2004

如同其它视觉艺术,一场柔术表演会向观众传递情感,具体是什么样的情感取决于编导和他选择的演员服装,以及演员的个人情况和她(他)的技术。演员可能会选择一种妩媚、活跃、幽默、神秘、震惊或是性感的风格来进行柔术表演。每一种风格都由它们的爱好者,并且这些爱好者有时还会排斥其它风格的柔术表演。

一些特殊类型的表演:

古典表演是一种缓慢的杂技舞蹈,女演员常在一个男伴的托举下完成劈叉以及其它柔术动作。

玩偶表演是由一到两个助手弯曲、摇动、扛运柔术演员以使观众相信画过妆的演员实际是一个无生命的、真人大小的玩偶。这种表演通常以助手把“玩偶”塞进一个小箱子,然后演员从箱子中爬出并脱掉玩偶外套来结束。

西班牙网是一种由演员在舞台上方的一个系在天花板上的绳环上表演的柔术。

其他演员可能会在表演期间使用器械,例如旋转呼啦圈或杂技用的圆环,使酒杯、碗等垒成的塔保持平衡,有时也会演奏乐器。

一名柔术演员可能会单独表演,也可能会有一到两名助手辅助,或者和其他柔术演员组队表演。

在过去,柔术演员只在马戏团里和集市上进行表演,但是近几年他们也在夜总会、游乐场、商业展览、杂志广告电视综艺节目中进行表演。另外,柔术图片和视频也在网络上被爱好者们交易,有的人还成立了提供原创柔术图片和视频的月费制网站,或者通过电子邮件销售柔术视频的录像带光盘。  

[编辑] 解迷

很多关于柔术演员的迷与谬误已经存在了很长时间。他们存在的原因主要是公众对于人体解剖学生理学的无知,也有一些是马戏团老板、赞助商做出的谎言以使柔术演出更加神秘。 

  • 柔术演员在弯曲他们的身体的时候要是自己的关节脱臼。由于很多关节疏松的人可以在毫无疼痛的情况下把关节头和关节窝分离,所以有些人有这种想法很正常。除非拍X射线片子,我们无法判断表演时柔术演员的关节是否脱臼了。但是事实证明,只要骨关节的形状是正常的,即便是最极端的下腰也可以在任何关节都不脱臼的情况下完成。真正的脱臼很少被用于柔术之中,因为脱臼的关节很不稳定、容易受伤,而且一个脱臼的关节也不能支撑它自己和任何重量。  
  • 你要么是天生的柔术演员,要么不是。每个人的每个关节的柔软程度都是不同的,一个关节向某一个方向能弯曲很多并不意味着它向相反方向能弯曲的一样多。这就是为什么柔术演员会专攻使用他们最柔软的关节的技术。肌肉的柔韧性可以通过练习获得,只要关节和骨胳不阻碍肌肉的运动。而关节的活动虽然不会改变关节的形状,但是可以拓展关节的互动范围。正如很多残疾人可以克服他们疾病带来的问题并成为体育运动员,只要你有目标、能努力,你也可以训练自己并让自己能做出一个个柔术动作。  
  • 女性比男性更适合做柔术演员。历史上来自世界各地的图片显示出男女柔术演员的比例几乎是1:1.19,世纪末西方的柔术演员几乎都是男性,正如现在印度的瑜珈练习者主要是男性一样。医学研究显示,如果一个家庭有遗传性的良好柔韧性的话,那么这个家庭的成员,不论是男是女,他(她)的柔韧性都会很好。因此,当今女柔术演员多于男柔术演员仅仅是一个社会文化倾向的产物。
  • Myth: Contortionists apply snake oil to their joints or drink special elixirs to become flexible. — This was a popular myth in the 19th century when medicine shows hired contortionists to "prove" the effectiveness of their arthritis medicines. Their extreme bending was not actually the result of their patent medicines. Flexibility is the result of either genetics or intense physical training or, more likely, both.
  • Myth: "Double-jointed" people have more joints than most people do. — Every fully-formed person has exactly the same number of joints. "Double-jointed" is just a slang expression used to describe the appearance of a person who can bend much further than one might think a joint would allow a limb to bend. In spite of the origin of the word, it is a perfectly acceptable expression to describe a person who is hypermobile.
  • Myth: Contortionists can bend bonelessly in any direction. — The amount of flexibility of every joint in every person varies from below average to extremely flexible, including every degree of flexibility in between. Also, the degree of natural flexibility of one joint in a certain direction does not determine its degree of flexibility in the opposite direction, or the flexibility of other joints in the body. Contortionists can create the illusion of having boneless bodies by specializing in the skills that show off their most flexible joints, with the help of their acting talent and mime skills.
  • Myth: Most contortionists have Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome. — Persons with these genetic disorders do have loose muscles and hypermobile joints and are able to do amazing tricks while standing, but they don't necessarily have the strength that is required to, for example, perform backbends while balanced on their fingertips. It is easier for a strong person to gain extreme flexibility than an extremely flexible person to gain strength.

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