安条克
维基百科，自由的百科全书
安条克是古代塞琉西帝国的都城，位于今土耳其南部，土耳其人称之为安塔基亚（Antakya)。
奥伦梯河的安提阿（希腊语：-{Αντιόχεια η επί Δάφνη}-，-{Αντιόχεια η επί Ορόντου}- 或 -{Αντιόχεια η Μεγάλη}-，拉丁语：Antiochia ad Orontem，或 Antiochia dei Siri）位于奥伦梯河东岸（左岸），距离海边港口西流基（今Samandagi）20英里。是公元前4世纪末由塞琉古一世建立的一个希腊城市，作为他在叙利亚的帝国的首都。塞琉古一世曾是亚历山大大帝的将军。塞琉古帝国许多城市都叫安提阿，多数由塞琉古一世建立。塞琉古一世曾说“少有王子如此强烈爱好城市建筑。他以建造了共9个塞琉西亚、16个安提阿，和6个老底嘉”而驰名。[1]
作为中近东外邦基督教的摇篮，安提阿是可以和埃及的亚历山太相提并论的重要城市。
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[编辑] 地理
The geographical character of the district north and 东北of the elbow of Orontes makes it the natural centre of 叙利亚, so long as that country is held by a western power; and only Asiatic, and especially Arab, dynasties have neglected it for the oasis of Damascus. The two easiest routes from the Mediterranean, lying through the Orontes gorge and the Beilan Pass, converge in the plain of Antioch Lake (Balük Geut or El Bahr) and are met there by
- the road from the Amanic Gates (Baghche Pass) and western Commagene, which descends the valley of the Kara Su,
- the roads from eastern Commagene and the Euphratean crossings at Samosata (Samsat) and Apamea Zeugma (Birejik), which descend the valleys of the Afrin and the Kuwaik, and
- the road from the Euphratean ford at Thapsacus, which skirts the fringe of the Syrian steppe. Travellers by all these roads must proceed south by the single route of the Orontes valley.
[编辑] 安提阿历史
[编辑] 史前
The site appears not to have been found wholly uninhabited. A settlement, Meroe, boasting a shrine of Anait, called by the Greeks the "Persian Artemis," had long been located there, and was ultimately included in the eastern suburbs of the new city; and there seems to have been a village on the spur (Mt. Silpius), of which we hear in late authors under the name Io, or Iopolis. This name was always adduced as evidence by Antiochenes (e.g. Libanius) anxious to affiliate themselves to the Attic Ionians--an anxiety which is illustrated by the Athenian types used on the city's coins. At any rate, Io may have been a small early colony of trading Greeks (Javan). John Malalas mentions also a village, Bottia, in the plain by the river.
[编辑] 希腊时代
亚历山大大帝说have camped on the site of 安提阿, and dedicated an altar to Zeus Bottiaeus, which lay in the northwest of the future city. But the first western sovereign practically to recognize the importance of the district was Antigonus, who began to build a city, Antigonia, on the Kara Su a few miles north of the situation of Antioch; but, on his defeat, he left it to serve as a quarry for his rival Seleucus.
The latter is said to have appealed to augury to determine the exact site of his projected foundation; but less fantastic considerations went far to settle it. To build south of the river, and on and under the last east spur of Casius, was to have security against invasion from the north, and command of the abundant waters of the mountain. One torrent, the Onopniktes ("donkey-drowner"), flowed through the new city, and many other streams came down a few miles west into the beautiful suburb of Daphne.
The original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the "gridiron" plan of Alexandria by the architect, Xenarius. Libanius describes the first building and arrangement of this city (i. p. 300. 17). The citadel was on Mt. Silpius and the city lay mainly on the low ground to the north, fringing the river. Two great colonnaded streets intersected in the centre. Shortly afterwards a second quarter was laid out, probably on the east and by Antiochus I, which, from an expression of Strabo, appears to have been the native, as contrasted with the Greek, town. It was enclosed by a wall of its own. In the Orontes, north of the city, lay a large island, and on this Seleucus II Callinicus began a third walled "city," which was finished by Antiochus III. A fourth and last quarter was added by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BC); and thenceforth Antioch was known as Tetrapolis. From west to east the whole was about 4 miles in diameter and little less from north to south, this area including many large gardens. Of its population in the Greek and Classical Roman period we know nothing certain, but it is generally estimated at over 500,000 people living in 15 square kilometers by the 1st century, making it the third largest city in the empire. In the 4th century, it was about 200,000 according to Chrysostom, who probably did not reckon slaves.
About 4 miles west and beyond the suburb Heraclea lay the paradise of Daphne, a park of woods and waters, in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo, also founded by Seleucus I and enriched with a cult-statue of the god, as Musagetes, by Bryaxis. A companion sanctuary of Hecate was constructed underground by Diocletian. The beauty and the lax morals of Daphne were celebrated all over the western world; and indeed Antioch as a whole shared in both these titles to fame. Its amenities awoke both the enthusiasm and the scorn of many writers of antiquity.
Antioch became the capital and court-city of the western Seleucid empire under Antiochus I, its counterpart in the east being Seleucia on the Tigris; but its paramount importance dates from the battle of Ancyra (240 BC), which shifted the Seleucid centre of gravity from Asia Minor, and led indirectly to the rise of Pergamum.
Thenceforward the Seleucids resided at Antioch and treated it as their capital par excellence. We know little of it in the Greek period, apart from Syria, all our information coming from authors of the late Roman time. Among its great Greek buildings we hear only of the theatre, of which substructures still remain on the flank of Silpius, and of the royal palace, probably situated on the island. It enjoyed a great reputation for letters and the arts (Cicero pro Archia, 3); but the only names of distinction in these pursuits during the Seleucid period, that have come down to us, are Apollophanes, the Stoic, and one Phoebus, a writer on dreams. The mass of the population seems to have been only superficially Hellenic, and to have spoken Aramaic in non-official life. The nicknames which they gave to their later kings were Aramaic; and, except Apollo and Daphne, the great divinities of north Syria seem to have remained essentially native, such as the "Persian Artemis" of Meroe and Atargatis of Hierapolis Bambyce.
We may infer, from its epithet, "Golden," that the external appearance of Antioch was magnificent; but the city needed constant restoration owing to the seismic disturbances to which the district has always been peculiarly liable. The first great earthquake is said by the native chronicler John Malalas, who tells us most that we know of the city, to have occurred in 148 BC, and to have done immense damage.
The inhabitants were turbulent, fickle and notoriously dissolute. In the many dissensions of the Seleucid house they took violent part, and frequently rose in rebellion, for example against Alexander Balas in 147 BC, and Demetrius II in 129 BC. The latter, enlisting a body of Jews, punished his capital with fire and sword. In the last struggles of the Seleucid house, Antioch turned definitely against its feeble rulers, invited Tigranes of Armenia to occupy the city in 83 BC, tried to unseat Antiochus XIII in 65 BC, and petitioned Rome against his restoration in the following year. Its wish prevailed, and it passed with Syria to the Roman Republic in 64 BC, but remained a civitas libera.
[编辑] 罗马时期
罗马人both felt and expressed boundless contempt for the hybrid 安提阿; but their emperors favoured the city from the first, seeing in it a more suitable capital for the eastern part of the empire than Alexandria could ever be, thanks to the isolated position of Egypt. To a certain extent they tried to make it an eastern Rome. Caesar visited it in 47 BC, and confirmed its freedom. A great temple to Jupiter Capitolinus rose on Silpius, probably at the instance of Octavian, whose cause the city had espoused. A forum of 罗马 type was laid out. Tiberius built two long colonnades on the south towards Silpius. Agrippa and Tiberius enlarged the theatre, and Trajan finished their work. Antoninus Pius paved the great east to west artery with granite. A circus, other colonnades and great numbers of baths were built, and new aqueducts to supply them bore the names of Caesars, the finest being the work of Hadrian. The Roman client, King Herod, erected a long stoa on the east, and Agrippa encouraged the growth of a new suburb south of this.
The chief events recorded under 罗马帝国 are 地震 that shook 安提阿. One, in 37年, caused the emperor Caligula to send two senators to report on the condition of the city. Another followed in the next reign; and in 115, during Trajan's sojourn in the place with his army of Parthia, the whole site was convulsed, the landscape altered, and the emperor himself forced to take shelter in the circus for several days. He and his successor restored the city; but in 526, after minor shocks, the calamity returned in a terrible form; the octagonal cathedral which had been erected by the emperor Constantius II suffered and thousands of lives were lost, largely those of Christians gathered to a great church assembly. Especially terrific earthquakes on November 29 528 and October 31 588 are also recorded.
At 安提阿Germanicus died in 19年, and his body was burnt in the forum. Titus set up the Cherubim, captured from the 犹太会堂, over one of the gates. Commodus had 奥运会 celebrated at Antioch, and in 266 the town was suddenly raided by 波斯人，who slew many in the theatre. In 387 there was a great sedition caused by a new tax levied by order of Theodosius, and the city was punished by the loss of its metropolitan status. Zeno, who renamed it Theopolis, restored many of its public buildings just before the great earthquake of 526, whose destructive work was completed by the Persian Chosroes twelve years later. Justinian I made an effort to revive it, and Procopius describes his repairing of the walls; but its glory was past.
[编辑] 早期基督徒-拜占庭时期
安提阿在拜占庭帝國的主要利益在於其與基督教的關係。Evangelized perhaps by Peter, 根据tradition upon which 安提阿 patriarchate still rests its claim for primacy (cf. Acts xi.), and certainly by 巴拿巴和保罗, 在此首次於一猶太會堂宣講其關於基督的講章, 而其皈依者首次被稱為基督徒 (Acts 11:26).
基督徒的人數極劇的增長, 至and by the time of Theodosius were reckoned by 君士坦丁堡大主教克雷索斯托 Chrysostom at about 100,000 souls十萬靈魂。252年到300年之间，ten assemblies 在安提阿举行教会十次 and it became the seat of one of the four original patriarchates, along with 耶路撒冷、亚历山大和罗马 (see Pentarchy)。今天安提阿 remains the seat of a patriarchate of 东正教。One of canonical 东正教 churches 还叫安提阿正教会，尽管几百年前主教座堂已经搬到叙利亚大马士革(see list of Patriarchs of Antioch), and its prime bishop retains the title "Patriarch of Antioch," somewhat analogous to the manner in which several 天主教教宗 remained "罗马主教" even while residing in Avignon, 法国 in 14世纪.
When Julian visited the place in 362 the impudent population railed at him for his favour to Jewish and pagan rites, and to revenge itself for the closing of its great church of Constantine, burned down the temple of Apollo in Daphne. The emperor's rough and severe habits and his rigid administration prompted Antiochene lampoons, to which he replied in the curious satiric apologia, still extant, which he called Misopogon. His successor, Valens, who endowed Antioch with a new forum having a statue of Valentinian on a central column, reopened the great church, which stood till the sack of Chosroes in 538.
安提阿 gave its name to a certain school of Christian thought, distinguished by literal interpretation of the Scriptures and insistence on the human limitations of 耶稣. Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia were the leaders of this school. The principal local saint was Simeon Stylites, who performed his penance on a hill some 40 miles east. His body was brought to the city and buried in a building erected under 皇帝Leo.
638年，during the reign of Heraclius, Antioch passed into Saracen hands, and (as Arabic أنطاكيّة Antākiyyah) decayed apace for more than 300 years; but in 969 it was recovered for the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas by Michael Burza and Peter the Eunuch. In 1084, the Seljuk Turks captured it, but held it only fourteen years, yielding place to the Crusaders, who besieged it for nine months during the First Crusade, enduring frightful sufferings. Being at last betrayed, it was given to Bohemund, prince of Tarentum, and it remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries. It fell at last to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baibars，1268年，after a great destruction and slaughter. Together with the fact that large ships could no longer enter the Orontes because too much sand had accumulated in the river bed over the centuries, that meant it was never to become a major city again, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (Iskenderun).
[编辑] 考古
現今的古代城市所剩無幾，除了大量水道廢墟和部份的罗马城墙，如今已被用為採石場Antakya; but no scientific examination of the site has been made。A statue in the Vatican and a silver statuette in the British Museum perpetuate the type of its great effigy of the civic Fortune of Antioch--a majestic seated figure, with Orontes as a youth issuing from under her feet.
[编辑] 参见
- Antakya
- Battle of Antioch
- Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch
[编辑] 参考
- 1. ^ 这篇文章包含来自公有领域的1897年版本《伊斯頓聖經辭典》的部分内容。
- Karl Otfried Müller, Antiquitates 安提阿 (1839)
- Albin Freund, Beiträge zur antiochenischen und zur konstantinopolitanischen Stadtchronik (1882)
- R. Forster, in Jahrbuch of Berlin Arch. Institute, xii. (1897)
- Glanville Downey, Ancient Antioch (普林斯顿大学出版社, 1963)
- 这篇文章包含来自公有领域的1911年大英百科全书部分内容。
[编辑] 外部链接
- Pictures of the city
- Pictures - very many - of the important collection in the museum, in particular Roman mosaics
- 古代安提阿城(地图)
页面分类: 1897年伊斯頓聖經辭典 | 1911年大英百科全书 | 丝绸之路城市 | 初期教会 | 古希腊 | 圣经地名 | 古羅馬
