前後屬詞素倍增
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前後屬詞素倍增(Clitic doubling, or pronominal reduplication, in 语言学, is a phenomenon by which 前後屬詞素 代詞 appear in 动词 phrases together with the full 名詞片語 that they refer to (as opposed to the cases where such pronouns and full noun phrases are in 互补分布).
Clitic doubling is found in many languages, including 阿尔巴尼亚语, 马其顿语, 保加利亚语, 希腊语, 羅馬尼亞語, 索馬利亞語, and 西班牙语; in each case, it follows different rules.
In the standard 马其顿语, clitic doubling is obligatory with 限定直接受詞 and 間接受詞, which contrasts with standard Bulgarian where clitic doubling is optional. Non-standard dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian have differing rules regarding clitic doubling. [1]
[编辑] 西班牙語前後屬詞素倍增現像
Spanish is one well-known example of clitic-doubling language. In certain constructions, the indirect object must be expressed both as a full noun phrase and as a clitic:
- Le di un regalo a mi madre. "I gave my mother a gift."
- A mis invitados siempre les ofrezco café. "I always offer coffee to my guests."
- No les des comida a los animales. "Do not give food to the animals."
The above, if literally translated into English, would be redundant:
| Le | di | un | regalo | a | mi | madre |
| to.her | I.gave | a | gift | to | my | mother |
| A | mis | invitados | siempre | les | ofrezco | café |
| to | my | guests | always | to.them | I.offer | coffee |
| No | les | des | comida | a | los | animales |
| not | to.them | you.give.SUBJUNCTIVE | food | to | the | animals |
Indirect object clitic doubling is compulsory in Spanish when it refers to a person or another animate entity. These are precisely the cases where the indirect object is preceded by the preposition a.
The direct object may also be doubled, but it is not ungrammatical to leave it out when the referent is already present, and the decision to double it is often a matter of style (and dialect).
- Lo vi a tu papá en la tienda. "I saw your dad at the store."
- El otro día la conocí a su esposa. "The other day I met his wife."
(In the above, lo and la can be omitted.)
[编辑] 注釋
- ^ Friedman, V. (1994) "Variation and Grammaticalization in the Development of Balkanisms" in CLS 30 Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Volume 2. (Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society)
