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Enoch (Hebrew: Template:HbrhetTemplate:HbrhpatahTemplate:HbrnunTemplate:HbrholammTemplate:HbrkhafsTemplate:Hbrshva; Tiberian: Ḥănōḵ, Standard: Ḥanokh) is a name occurring twice in the generations of Adam. In one, he is described as having had a city named after him, but it is the other occurrence for which the name is famous. Despite the fame, the second mention of the name merely says that Enoch walked with God, and was not, for God took him, that he lived 365 years, and was an ancestor of Noah. There are no other known mentions of the character in the entire tanakh. Despite the brief description, its highly esoteric nature lead Enoch to be one of the main two focal points for much of the 1st millennium BC Jewish mysticism[來源請求]. In Islam, he is usually referred to as Idris (إدريس), and regarded as a prophet, and the great-grandfather of Noah (referred to as Nuh نوح)).
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[编辑] Enoch in classical Rabbinical literature
In classical Rabbinical literature, there are divergent opinions of Enoch. After Christianity and Judaism had completely separated, the prevailing view regarding Enoch was that of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, which thought of Enoch as a pious man, taken to heaven, and receiving the title of Safra rabba (Great scribe). However, while Christianity was in the process of detaching itself from Judaism, the Jewish view was often highly negative. In these views, for example held by Abbahu, Rashi, and Ibn Ezra, Enoch was held to frequently lapse in his piety, and thus removed before his time, by a divine plague, in order to avoid further lapses.
Amongst the minor Midrashim, esoteric attributes of Enoch are expanded upon. In the Sefer Hekalot, Rabbi Ishmael is described as having visited the 7th heaven, where he meets Enoch, who claims that earth had, in his time, been corrupted by the demons Shammazai, and Azael, and so Enoch was taken to heaven to prove that God was not cruel. Similar traditions are recorded in Ecclesiasticus. Later elaborations of this interpretation treated Enoch as having been a pious ascetic, who, called to remix with others, preached repentance, and gathered (despite the fewness of people on the earth) a vast collection of disciples, to the extent that he was proclaimed king. Under his wisdom, peace is said to have reigned on earth, to the extent that he is summoned to heaven to rule over the sons of God. In a parallel with Elijah, in sight of a vast crowd begging him to stay, he ascends to heaven on a horse.
[编辑] Enoch in New Testament
The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews says "By faith Enoch was translated, that he should not see death, and was not found, because God had translated him" (Hebrews 11:5)
Jude (14,15) cites a passage from the book of Enoch, which has much perplexed interpreters. The question is, whether the Jude took this passage from any book written by Enoch, which might be extant in his time; or whether he received it by tradition or by revelation. It is most probable, he read it in a book attributed to Enoch, which though pseudepigraphal might contain several truths; among others, this might be one which, Jude favored with a supernatural degree of discrimination, might use to purpose of instruction.
Justin, Athenagoras, Irenaeus, Clemens Alexandrinus, Lactantius, and other borrowed an opinion out of this book of Enoch, that the angels had connection with the daughters of men, of whom they had offspring ('the giants of the past).
Tertullian, in several places, speaks of this book with esteem; and would persuade us, that it was preserved by Noah during the deluge.
It has, however, been rejected by the church, and Origen, Jerome and Augustin, mention it as of no authority.
Specimens of an Ethiopian work known as the Book of Enoch have been brought into Europe, and translations of parts of it have been published.
It should seem to be founded, as to its historical tenor, on the Mosaic history of the antediluvians, and the judgments that might naturally be expected to follow such enormous wickedness, violence, audacities and gluttony, as were then practised by the giants, or people in power.
[编辑] Enoch in Qur'ran
The Qur'an presents Enoch in a similar manner, referring to him as Idris (which is Arabic for Enoch), meaning the instructor, regarding him as a man of truth and a prophet, as well as a model of patience, and inventor of astronomy, writing, and arithmetic. Enoch is often described as having been compelled to defend his life with the sword, against the depraved children of earth. Amongst his lesser inventions were said to be scales, to enable just weights, and tailoring. In some late accounts the Enoch legend is transferred to a (fictional) individual of the time, a proselyte who, despite only being required, according to Judaism, to obey the seven Noachide laws, obeyed the whole of Judaism, and became a cobbler sewing together worlds, pronouncing a benediction over each seam.
[编辑] Enoch in LDS theology
Amongst the Latter Day Saint movement and particularly in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Enoch is viewed as having founded an exceptionally righteous city, named Zion, in the midst of an otherwise wicked world. This view is encountered in the Mormon scripture (see Standard Works), the Pearl of Great Price and the Doctrine and Covenants, which states that not only Enoch, but the entire peoples of the city of Zion, were taken to heaven without death, because of their piety. (Zion is defined as "the pure in heart" and this city of Zion will return to the earth at the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.) It further states that Enoch prophesied that one of his descendants Noah and his family would be the ones to survive a Great Flood and thus carry on the human race and preserve the Gospel after the wicked inhabitants of Earth were destroyed.
[编辑] Views of Enoch
Several scholars, beginning with Halévy, Cheyne, and Black, have proposed that the name Daniel, in the somewhat esoteric Ezekiel, was originally Enoch, and was emended after the Book of Daniel was written to shore up its authority. Ezekiel's use of the name Daniel is regarded as unusual, as far as linguistic features, such as grammatical usage, go, and has lead many, even amongst apologists, to suppose that that Ezekiel's Daniel and that of the Book of Daniel are different figures. Ezekiel's Daniel is described as being known for his wisdom, and righteousness, attributes that would fit well if the original script named him as Enoch.
[编辑] Enoch in Islamic tradition
In Islamic traditions, there are varying accounts of Enoch's "death", which are thought to possibly contain traces of lost aggadahs. One account simply describes him as being on a visit to the Angel of Heaven, at a time the Angel of Death happened to be due to meet him, and so he died in the embrace of the Angel of Heaven, remaining in the 4th heaven forever. In other versions, Enoch is presented as a student of the knowledge given to him by the angel Gabriel, and as having been sent to preach repentance to Cain's descendants.
This latter presentation states that he had longed to enter paradise, and so, to test him, God set up a scheme. This scheme involved the angel of death, disguised as a beautiful virgin, visiting him, at which Enoch prays for temporary death, which is immediately granted. Having returned to life, Enoch is taken to see hell, and is then taken on to the gates of paradise. Although the custodian forbids him entry, Enoch clambers over the wall via a branch of the tree of knowledge, which had been bent over the wall by God for this very purpose, and thus enters paradise whilst still alive.
[编辑] Enoch and the book of Enoch
In the late first millennium BC, extensive writings attributed to Enoch appeared, in particular the 4 works known as the Book of Enoch. While all of these are regarded as non-canonical by all but Coptic Christianity, even Coptic Christianity regards the last two as dubious, as well as the Ethiopian Jewish community. These recount how Enoch is taken up to heaven, and is appointed guardian of all the celestial treasures, chief of the archangels, and the immediate attendant on God's throne. He is subsequently taught all secrets and mysteries, and, while all the angels are at his beck, fulfils of his own accord whatever comes out of the mouth of God, and executes His decrees. He teaches; he conducts souls to the place of felicity; and he is known as Prince of God's face, Prince of the Torah, Prince of Wisdom, Prince of Reason, and Prince of Glory. Enoch was also seen as the inventor of writing, and teacher of astronomy and arithmetics, all three reflecting the interpretation of his name as meaning initiated.
While many of these secrets, which are subsequently given away in the books, are elaborations of parts of the Sefer ha-Yashar, others are elaborations on brief esoteric details in the torah, such as the tale of the Nephilim, which becomes a major theme in the Book of Enoch. Much esoteric literature of the period, like the Book of Enoch, either explicitly, or implicitly, identifies Enoch as the Metatron, the angel which communicates God's word. In consequence, Enoch was seen, by this literature, and the ancient kabbala of Jewish mysticism, as having been the one which communicated God's revelation to Moses, in particular, the dictator of the Book of Jubilees.
[编辑] Enoch in Greek writings
Due to the association of Enoch, in Jewish legend, with learning, writing, and so forth, the Ancient Greeks identified him as Hermes Trismegistus, a syncretic deity. Here he was consequently also seen as the discoverer of the zodiac and of astronomy more generally. Since many Greek tales describe heroes being permanently taken abruptly by the Gods, such as Ganymede, Herakles, Semiramis, Xisuthrus, and even the Phrygian King of Annacus, Enoch fitted in easily. In historical criticism, these stories are seen as being the influence behind more elaborate traditions such as Enoch travelling to heaven via a flying horse (compare pegasus).
[编辑] Enoch as Emmerduranki and Gilgamesh
In scholarship, Enoch is regarded as a character based on the extremely ancient Sumerian myth of Emmeduranki (also known as Emmedurana), whose name appears in the Sumerian king list. The sumerian myth, of which surviving records pre-date the authorship of the torah by some 1000 years, told of a great priest, named Enmeduranki, of the sun-god Utu. He, in the myth, was subsequently taken by the gods Shamash and Adad, to heaven, and taught the secrets of heaven and of earth. Emmeduranki was extemely significant to the Sumerians, as he was the ancestor from whom all priests had to be able to trace descent, in much the same way as Aaron was to the Aaronid priesthood of ancient Judaism. Enmeduranki's name itself is thought to mean chief priest of Duranki, a location regarded as the meeting place of sky and earth, and consequently the source from which the mythology could have been embellished.
The specific lifespan of Enoch, 365 years, is believed, in critical thought, to simply originate from Emmeduranki's association with the sun god, and, more specifically, the number of days in the solar year. The more extensive stories concerning Enoch, such as those in the Book of Enoch, have a much closer resemblance to portions of the Epic of Gilgamesh, such as, for example, Enoch's journey, to the western extreme and the mountain guarded by divine beings, resembling the first part of Gilgamesh's journey on the path of the sun to visit Uta-napishtim. Having crossed the whole night, and the realm of the dead, Gilgamesh comes to a magnificent garden of bejewelled trees, much like some Islamic legends concerning Enoch.
[编辑] See also
- Adam and Eve (Mormonism)
- Idris
[编辑] External links
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Cosmic Voyages
- Catholic Encyclopedia Entry
- Jewish Encyclopedia Entry
- Mackey Encyclopedia
- "Encyclopedia of Mormonism
- Comparison of Masonic legends of Enoch and Mormon scriptures description of Enoch
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