ジョン・ホークウッド

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』

Sir ジョン・ホークウッド(1320年-1394年)は、14世紀イタリアの、イギリス人の傭兵、傭兵隊長である。 Jean Froissart knew him as Haccoude and Macchiavelli and Italians as Giovanni Acuto. ホークウッドは、最初、 served the Pope and ついで various factions in Italy for over 30 years.

ホークウッドの青春時代は、物語と伝説に包まれており、彼が軍人soldierになった経緯は不明である。最も容認されている物語によれば、彼は、エセックスのSible Hedinghamの皮鞣工の二男であり、ロンドンで年季奉公したという。残りの物語もまた、彼は軍人になる前、皮鞣工であったとする。

ホークウッドは、百年戦争の第1段階のフランスにおけるイギリス軍で兵役に服した。 さまざまな伝承によれば、ホークウッドは、クレシーの戦およびポアティエの戦の両方、またはそのいずれか一方でたたかったというが、しかしいずれの直接的証拠もない。さまざまな伝承は、国王または黒太子が彼にナイトの爵位を授けたとするが、しかしその記録はない - ただsoldiersの支援を受けて、the noble titleを取っただけであったのかもしれない。 彼の軍務は、1360年のブレティニーの協約ののち、終った。

目次 1 傭兵生活に 2 Serving Italian factions 3 Last years with Florence 4 Memory and monuments 5 書籍 6 Other sources 7 外部リンク

[編集] 傭兵生活に

ホークウッドはBurgundyに移り、 and joined the small mercenary companies that fought for money in France. Later he was part of the self-named Great Company that fought against Papal troops near Avignon.

1360年代の初め、s Hawkwood had risen to be commander of the White Company. 1363年に、 Hawkwood's men were part of the companies the marquis of Montferrato hired and lead over the Alps to fight a war against Milan. Afterwards Hawkwood and his troops remained in Italy.

[編集] Serving Italian factions

In the following years, White Company fought under many banners and switched sides many time. In 1364年, it fought for Pisa against Florence. 1369年に, Hawkwood fought for Perugia against the Papal forces. 1370年に、, he joined Bernabo Visconti in his war against an alliance of cities including Pisa and Florence. 1372年に、, he fought for Visconti against his former master, the Marquis of Monferrato. その後、he resigned his command and the White Company moved to the service of the Pope for a time.

ホークウッドの指揮下で, the company gained a good reputation and he became a popular mercenary commander. He gained a nickname l'acuto, "the keen one", which gave him his Italian name, Giovanni Acuto. 彼の成功は was varied, but he exploited the shifting allegiances and power politics of Italian factions for his own benefit.

Italian cities concentrated on trade and hired mercenaries instead of forming standing armies. Hawkwood often played his employers and their enemies against each other. He might get a contract to fight on one side and then demand a payment for the other in order not to attack them. He also could just change sides, keeping his original payment. Sometimes one party hired him so that he would not hire out the other side.

ホークウッドは、カネを必要としたとき、, he could threaten his employers with desertion or pillage if he was not paid. He bought estates in the Romagna and in Tuscany, a castle at Montecchio Vesponi. Despite all this, Hawkwood remained illiterate and had his contracts read to him and signed for him.

1375年に、, when Hawkwood's company was fighting for the Pope against Florence, Florence made an agreement with him and paid him not to attack for three months.

In 1377年, Hawkwood led the destruction of Cesena by mercenary armies, acting in the name of Pope Gregory XI. One tale claims that he had promised the people that they would be spared, but cardinal Robert of Geneva ordered them all killed. Shortly after, he switched allegiance to the anti-papal league and married Donnina Visconti, the illegitimate daughter of Bernabo Visconti, the Duke of Milan; they later had one son and three daughters. Sources disagree on whether this was Hawkwood's first marriage or not.

However, a quarrel with Visconti soon ended the allegiance, and Hawkwood signed another agreement with Florence. 1381年に, Richard II of England appointed him as ambassador to the Roman Court.

1387年に、 Hawkwood, fighting for Padova, fought Giovanni Ordelaffi from Forlì, fighting for Verona in the Battle of Castagnaro, and won.

[編集] Last years with Florence

1390年に Hawkwood became a commander-in-chief of the army of Florence in the war against the expansion of Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan. Hawkwood's army invaded Lombardy and was within ten miles of Milan before he had to retreat over Adige river. Later in the year forces under his command defended Florence and later defeated the Milanese force of Jacopo dal Verme. Eventually Visconti sued for peace. Contemporary opinion in Florence regarded Hawkwood as a savior of Florence's independence against Milanese expansion.

At that state Florence has given him citizenship and pension. He spent his latter years in a villa in the neighbourhood of Florence.

ホークウッドは died in Florence on March 16-17 1394年. He was buried with state honours in the Duomo. Shortly afterwards, Richard II asked for his body to be returned to his native England. Hawkwood's son also moved to England where he became an Englishman and moved to Essex.

[編集] Memory and monuments

1436年に the Florentines commissioned of Paolo Uccello a funerary monument, a fresco transferred on canvas, which still stands in the Duomo. Originally, the Florentines intended to erect a bronze statue, but the costs proved too high. Finally they settled for a monochrome fresco in terra verde, a color closest to the patina of bronze.

Posthumously Hawkwood gained a reputation of both brutality and chivalry. In Sible Hedingham there is a Hawkwood memorial chapel and a Hawkwood Road. In Romagna there is a Strada Aguta.

[編集] 書籍

• Duccio Balestracci - 『Le armi i cavalli l'oro. Giovanni Acuto e i condottieri nell'Italia del Trecento』, (Rome, 2003年)
• Frances Stonor Saunders - 『Hawkwood: The Diabolical Englishman』 (2004年).
  • US edition: 『The Devil's Broker: Seeking Gold, God, and Glory in 14th Century Italy』 (2005年)
• William Caferro- 『John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy』 (John Hopkins University Press, 2006年)
• John Temple-Leader & Giuseppe Marcotti - 『Sir John Hawkwood (L'Acuto) Story of a Condottiere』
• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - 『The White Company』 (originally published in serial form in 1891年) is loosely based on John Hawkwood and his exploits.

[編集] Other sources

• Barbara Tuchman - 『en:A Distant Mirror』 (Chap. 7)
• Kenneth Fowler - 『Sir John Hawkwood』, en:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
• Stephen Cooper - 『An Unsung Villain: The Reputation of a Condottiere』 (History Today　2006年1月号)

[編集] 外部リンク

• Sir John Hawkwood: Story of a Condottiere. By John Temple-Leader and Giuseppe Marcotti.Translated by Leader Scott. Published by T. Fisher Unwin (London) in 1889.