塞拉耶佛

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-{T|zh-tw:塞拉耶佛;zh-cn:萨拉热窝;zh-hk:薩拉熱窩}-

萨拉热窝 Sarajevo（Сарајево）
市旗 市徽
基本资料
国家	波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那
州	萨拉热窝州
面积	142Km2
海拔	500米
人口 - 总人口	308,558人（2005年）
坐标	43°52′N，18°25′E
时区	UTC+1
网站	www.sarajevo.ba

-{A|zh-tw:塞拉耶佛;zh-cn:萨拉热窝;zh-hk:薩拉熱窩}-（波斯尼亚语：-{Sarajevo}-、塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语：-{Sarajevo}-）位于狄那里克阿尔卑斯山脉萨拉热窝山谷，是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的首都和最大的城市，也是波黑联邦的首都及塞族共和国的法理首都，同时还是萨拉热窝州的行政中心。萨拉热窝以宗教多样性而著称，伊斯兰教、天主教、东正教和犹太教在此已共处了许多世纪。

萨拉热窝曾在15世纪被奥斯曼帝国占领，由於當地種族关系複雜，塞拉耶佛自20世紀以來一直是世界关注的焦點。1914年6月28日奧匈帝國王儲斐迪南大公及其儲妃在萨拉热窝被一名塞爾維亞青年鎗殺身亡，事件隨後引发了第一次世界大戰。1992年春季，針對當地穆斯林的種族清洗戰爭使這座城市幾近半毀。

目录 1 地理与气候 2 History 3 Government 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 Communications and media 7 Transportation 8 Culture 9 Sports 10 Education 11 友好城市 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 15 参见

[编辑] 地理与气候

萨拉热窝位于波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的中部，海拔约为500米，被森林茂密的山脉所包围。城市地势起伏，有许多陡峭的街道。

萨拉热窝为大陆气候，处于中欧气候区和地中海气候区之间。全年平均气温为10℃，最热月份为7月（19℃），最冷月份为1月（-1℃）。全年降水量约为932毫米，雨季为10月（103毫米），旱季为3月（62毫米）。

[编辑] History

The Sarajevo valley has a long and rich history dating back to the Neolithic period, when the Butmir Culture flourished. Several Illyrian settlements existed in the area before it was conquered by Rome in 9 CE.^[1] During Roman times, a town named Aquae Sulphurae ("sulfuric thermal spring") existed on the location of the present-day Sarajevo suburb of Ilidža.^[2] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the 7th century.^[3]

The settlement Vrh-Bosna existed in the valley as a Slavic citadel from 1263 until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1429.^[4] Under Isa-Beg Isaković, the first Ottoman governor of the Bosnia Province, the settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in 1461. The governor oversaw the construction of the city's Old Town district, including a water-supply system, mosque, closed marketplace, public bath, hostel, and Governor's palace. Gazi Husrev-beg was appointed the second governor of the Bosnia Province in 1521 and built the city's first library, madrassa, school of Sufi philosophy, as well as the Sahat Kula clock tower.

In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid led by Prince Eugene of Savoy from the Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, conquered Sarajevo and left it burned and infested with a plague. The city was later rebuilt, but never fully recovered from the destruction. The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre in 1850 but were replaced by the Austria-Hungarian Empire as part of the Treaty of Berlin, 1878 who formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions, such as tramways, before installing them in Vienna.^[3][5]

In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28 1914 by a Serb nationalist. With most of the Balkan offensives occurring near Belgrade, Sarajevo largely escaped the war without damage. Following the war, after the Balkans were unified under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo became the capital of the Drina Province.

In April 1941 Nazi Germany bombarded Sarajevo and occupied Yugoslavia. At the time there were approximately 10,500 Jews living in Sarajevo, who, along with Roma and Orthodox Serbians, were oppressed by the Ustaše government or transported to concentration camps.^[6] Partisan resistance fighters, led by Josip Broz Tito, liberated Sarajevo on 6 April 1945. Afterwards, the city grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. As part of the 1945 General Town Development Plan modern city blocks were built west of the old city, adding to Sarajevo's architectural uniqueness. The peak of city growth occurred in the early 1980s, when Sarajevo hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics.^[7]

On April 6 1992, Sarajevo was surrounded by the Yugoslav National Army ("Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija") and a number of paramilitary (Bosnian Serb Army) formations. The siege of Sarajevo that lasted until October 1995 resulted in large scale destruction and dramatic population shifts. Reconstruction of Sarajevo started as soon as the war ended, with the Dayton Agreement of November 1995. By 2003, most of the city had been rebuilt, with only a few remaining visible ruins in the city centre. Modern office buildings and skyscrapers have since been constructed throughout the city.^[8]

[编辑] Government

Sarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. Each of these levels of government has their parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. Because of this concentration of power, many foreign embassies are located in Sarajevo.

The city is comprised of four municipalities which each operate their own municipal government, united to form one city government with its own constitution. The executive branch (Serbian/Croatian:"Gradska Uprava") consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko Vijeće. The council has 24 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councillors are elected by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population. The city government also has a judicial branch based on the post-transitional judicial system as outlined by the High Representative's “High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils”.

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based around key city neighborhoods.

[编辑] Demographics

The last official census in Bosnia and Herzegovina took place 1991 which recorded 529,021 people living in Sarajevo.^[9] The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, many of whom have not returned. A 2005 estimate by the Sarajevo Canton government estimated the city's population at 308,558 people, 74% of the Canton's population.^[10] With an area of 142 km², Sarajevo has a population density of about 2173 people per square kilometer. The Novo Sarajevo municipality is the most densely populated part of Sarajevo with about 7524 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the least densely populated is the Stari Grad, with 742 inhabitants per square kilometer.^[11]

War changed the ethnic and religous profile of the city. While it had long been known as a multicultural city,^[12] or Europe's Jerusalem,^[13] Muslim Bosniaks returned to form an even greater proportion of people. In 1991 Bosniaks formed 50% of the population, followed by Eastern Orthodox Serbs with 28%, and Roman Catholic Croats with 7%. However, in 1997 Bosniaks formed 87% of the population, with Serbs at 5% and Croats at 6%.^[14] If the East Sarajevo (Republika Srpska) population were to be included (130,000, mostly Serbs), the Bosniak Muslims would still have an absolute majority, followed by Serbs at around 33% of the overall population.

[编辑] Economy

After decades of communism and years of war, Sarajevo's economy has been subject to reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.^[15] Amongst other economic landmarks, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in 2002. The city's large manufacturing, administration, and tourism base, combined with a large informal market,^[16] makes it one of the strongest economic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses made the successful transition to the capitalist economy. Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment.^[3] Companies based in Sarajevo include B&H Airlines (Formerly Air Bosna), BH Telecom, Bosmal City Center, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet the 43rd Best City in the World in 2006.^[17] Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque.

[编辑] Communications and media

As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction led by the Office of the High Representative have helped modernize the industry.^[18] For example, internet was first made available to the city in 1995.^[19]

Oslobodenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo longest running newspaper and the only one to survive war. However, this long running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind the Dnevni Avaz (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine in circulation in Sarajevo.^[20] Other local periodicals include the Croatian-language newspaper Hrvatska Rijec and the Bosnian magazine Start.

The Public Broadcast Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public television station, one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include NRTV “Studio 99”, NTV Hayat, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and Televizija Alfa. Many small independent radio stations exist, included established stations such as Radio M, Radio Grad (Radio Old Town), eFM Student Radio, Radio 202 and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and West European stations, are available in the city, as well.

[编辑] Transportation

Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains make it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main streets are Titova street and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) highway. The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploce in the south.^[21]

Electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city. There are seven tramway lines supplemented by four trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to the industrial sector.

Sarajevo International Airport Template:Airport codes is located just a few kilometers southwest of the city. During the war the airport was used for United Nations flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thriving commercial flight business which includes B&H Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Alitalia, Aero Flight, Lufthansa, Jat Airways, Croatia Airlines, and others. In 2004, 397,000 passengers had traveled through Sarajevo airport, whereas only 25,000 had just 8 years earlier in 1996.^[22]

[编辑] Culture

Sarajevo has been home to many different ethnicities and religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. Muslim Bosnians, Eastern Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, Jews, and Slovenians all share the city while maintaining distinctive identities.

The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888 and home to the Sarajevo Haggadah), the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city also hosts the National theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established in 1919, as well as the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Other cultural institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war,^[23] as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984 Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of government estblished strong cultural protection laws and institutions. Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Historically, Sarajevo was home to several famous Bosnian poets and thinkers during the Ottoman Empire. Nobel Prize winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as was academy award winning director Danis Tanovic. Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andric spent much of his life in Sarajevo.

The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival are well-known, as are the Bašćaršija Nights, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.

The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Bijelo dugme and singer/song writer Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi orkestar, Zabranjeno pušenje and Crvena jabuka, ending with the war in 1992.

[编辑] Sports

Sarajevo was the location of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won one medal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Slovene Jure Franko.^[24] Many of the Olympic facilities survived the war, including Olympic Hall Zetra and Asim Ferhatović Stadion. After co-hosting the Southeast Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympic winter games,^[25] but cancelled these plans.^[26][27]

Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FK Željezničar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments, as well as FK Olimpik. Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club KK Bosna Sarajevo won the European championship in 1979. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s.

Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing. Rock climbing is popular; not far from the CBD is the climbing center Dariva, managed by extreme climbing club Red Point.

Logo	Club	Leagues	Venue	Established
Image:Zeljsa.gif	FK Željezničar	Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Grbavica Stadium	1921
Image:Fksaraj.png	FK Sarajevo	Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Asim Ferhatović Stadion	1946
Image:Olimpiksarajevo.GIF	FK Olimpik Sarajevo	Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Otoka Stadium	1993
Image:Kkbosna.gif	KK Bosna	Premier League of Basketball of Bosnia and Herzegovina Adriatic Basketball Association	Mirza Delibasic Arena	1951

[编辑] Education

Higher education has a long tradition in Sarajevo. The first university in Sarajevo was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia Law School began a five-year program. In the 1940s the University of Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute. In the 1950s postgraduate studies first became available. While the university was severely damaged during the war, reconstruction was done in partnership with more than 40 universities. As of 2005, Sarajevo has 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13), including three special needs schools.^[28]

[编辑] 友好城市

土耳其安卡拉 阿塞拜疆巴库 西班牙巴塞罗那 匈牙利布达佩斯 土耳其布尔萨 加拿大卡尔加里 英国考文垂 美国代顿

意大利费拉拉 德国腓特烈港 奥地利因斯布鲁克 土耳其伊斯坦布尔 科威特科威特市 德国马格德堡 意大利那不勒斯 意大利普拉托

法国塞尔舍瓦勒尔 瑞典斯德哥尔摩 中国天津 阿尔及利亚特莱姆森 利比亚的黎波里 意大利威尼斯 德国沃尔夫斯堡 克罗地亚萨格勒布

[编辑] See also

• 《瓦尔特保卫萨拉热窝》
• Famous Sarayliyas
• Folklore of Sarajevo
• Sites of interest in Sarajevo
• Etymology of Sarajevo
• Sarajevo Tunnel
• Bosnian architecture
• Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

[编辑] References

[编辑] External links

• Gallery of images from Sarajevo and its districts （英文）
• Information about Sarajevo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Bs icon
• Sarajevo International Airport Template:Bs icon/（英文）
• Sarajevo X portal Template:Bs icon
• Interactive Map of Sarajevo Template:Bs icon
• Satellite picture by Google Maps （英文）
• Tourism Association of Sarajevo Template:Bs icon/（英文）
• Sarajevo - by the Escape Artist （英文）

Template:Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities

[编辑] 参见

• 薩拉熱窩事件