Eufrat
De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă
 |
Puteţi contribui la Wikipedia prin traducerea lui. |
 |
|
| Fluviul Eufrat | |
|---|---|
| Lungime: | 2800 km |
| Izvor: | |
| Vărsare: | la în Golful Persic |
| Altitudine la izvor: | m deasupra nivelului mării |
| Altitudine la vărsare: | m deasupra nivelului mării |
| Diferenţă la atitudine: | m |
| Bazin hidrografic: | 765831 km² km² |
| Ţări: | Turcia, Siria, Iordania, Arabia Saudită, Kuweit şi Irak |
| Judeţe: | |
| Oraşe importante: | |
| Afluenţi: | |
| Porturi: | |
| Poduri renumite: | |
| Debit: | {{{debit}}} m3/s |
Eufratul (numele grecesc tradiţional, în arabă: الفرات Al-Furat, în armeană: Եփրատ Yeṗrat, în ebraică: פְּרָת Perath, în kurdă: Ferat, în azeră: Fərat, în persana veche: Ufrat, în siriacă: ܦܪܬ Frot sau Prâth, în turcă: Fırat, în akkadiană: Pu-rat-tu) este cel mai vestic dintre cele două mari râuri care definesc Mesopotamia (celălalt fiind Tigru).
În Biblie, Pământul Făgăduinţei promis de Dumnezeu lui Avraam şi descendenţilor săi (printre care se numără Isaac şi Iacob) se întindea până la acest râu.
Cuprins |
[modifică] Etimologia numelui
Numele Eufrat ar putea proveni din Ufratu în persana veche, sau din avestană *hu-perethuua, însemnând "potrivit pentru traversat" (din hu-, însemnând "bun", şi peretu, însemnând "vad")[1]. O altă origine ar putea fi kurdă.[necesită citare] În această limbă, fere înseamnă "lat", re înseamnă "apă curgătoare" iar hat, "curgătoare", astfel fererehat ar însemna "apă curgătoare lată". Numele kurd actual, Ferat, este poate o contracţie a numelui mai vechi. Totuşi, etimologia indo-europeană a numelui este disputată din cauza numelor sumeriene şi akkadiene, repectiv Buranun şi Pu-rat-tu; Buranun fiind atestat într-o inscripţie[necesită citare] a regelui Gudea (secolul al XXII-lea î.Hr.). Pare astfel probabil că numele în persana veche a apărut prin etimologie populară, pe baza numelui pre-iranian al râului.
[modifică] Cursul Eufratului
The river is approximately 2,780 kilometers (1,730 miles) long. It is formed by the union of two branches, the Kara (the western Euphrates), which rises in the Armenian highlands of today's eastern Turkey north of Erzurum and the Murat (the eastern Euphrates), which issues from an area southwest of Mount Ararat, north of Lake Van. The upper reaches of the Euphrates flow through steep canyons and gorges, southeast across Syria, and through Iraq. The Khabur and the Balikh River join the Euphrates in eastern Syria.
Both rivers have their origins in Turkey. Downstream, through its whole length, the Euphrates receives no further water flow. North of Basra, in southern Iraq, the river merges with the Tigris to form the Arvand/Shatt al-Arab, this in turn empties into the Persian Gulf.
The river used to divide into many channels at Basra, forming an extensive marshland, but the marshes were largely drained by the Saddam Hussein government in the 1990s as a means of driving out the rebellious Marsh Arabs. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the drainage policy has been reversed, but it remains to be seen whether the marshes will recover.
The Euphrates is only navigable by very shallow-draft boats, which can reach as far as the Iraqi city of Hit, located 1,930 kilometers (1,200 miles) upstream and which is only 53 meters (58 yards) above sea level. Above Hit, however, shoals and rapids make the river commercially unnavigable. Its annual inundation, caused by snowmelt in the mountains of northeastern Turkey, has been partly checked by new dams and reservoirs in the upper reaches. A 885 kilometer (550-mile) canal links the Euphrates to the Tigris to serve as a route for river barges.
[modifică] Eufratul în Biblie
A river named Euphrates is one of the four rivers that flow from the Garden of Eden according to Genesis 2:14. It is the fourth river, after the Pishon, the Gihon, and the Tigris, to form from the river flowing out of the garden. The river of the same name marked one of the boundaries of the land promised by God to Abraham and his descendants (Isaac, Jacob, etc). In the Hebrew Bible, it is often referred to simply as "The River" (ha-nahar).
The word Euphrates is a translation for the word "Gush forth" or "break forth". It has always been assumed to mean "river" but this is not explicitly stated. It literally means "breaking forth of liquid". The river Euphrates was named from this root word, "To gush forth".
In the Book of Revelation, it is prophesied that in the "near future the Potamos Euphrates or "breaking forth like water" of the middle east will dry up in preparation for the Battle of Armageddon.
[modifică] Profeţii islamice
In Islam, some of the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad, suggest that the Euphrates will dry up, revealing unknown treasures that will be the cause of strife and war.
- Soon the river Euphrates will disclose the treasure [the mountain] of gold. So, whoever will be present at that time should not take anything of it. — Sahih Bukhari.
- The Prophet Muhammad said: "The Hour will not come to pass before the river Euphrates dries up to unveil the mountain of gold, for which people will fight. Ninety-nine out of one hundred will die [in the fighting], and every man among them will say: 'Perhaps I may be the only one to remain alive'." — Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim.
- The Prophet Muhammad said: "The Euphrates reveals the treasures within itself. Whoever sees it should not take anything from it". — Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi `Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir az-Zaman, p. 28.
- It [the Euphrates] will uncover a mountain of gold [under it]. — Sunan Abi Da'ud.
[modifică] Eufratul în istorie
The Euphrates provided the water that led to the first flowering of civilisation in Sumer, dating from about the 4th millennium BC. Many important ancient cities were located on or near the riverside, including Mari, Sippar, Nippur, Shuruppak, Uruk, Ur and Eridu. The river valley formed the heartlands of the later empires of Babylonia and Assyria. For several centuries, the river formed the eastern limit of effective Egyptian and Roman control and western regions of the Persian Empire. Also, the Battle of Karbala occurred at the banks of Euphrate river, where Imam Hussain, along with his family and friends, were martyred.
[modifică] Controverse
As with the Tigris there is much controversy over rights and use of the river. The Southeastern Anatolia Project in Turkey involves the construction of 22 dams and 19 power plants by 2005, the biggest development project ever undertaken by Turkey. The first of the dams was completed in 1990. Southeast Turkey is still struggling economically, adding fuel to the discontent expressed by Turkey's Kurdish minority centered there. The Turkish authorities hope that the project will provide a boost to the region's economy, but domestic and foreign critics have disputed its benefits as well as attacking the social and environmental costs of the scheme.
In Syria the Tabaqah Dam (completed in 1973 and sometimes known simply as the Euphrates Dam) forms a reservoir, Lake Assad that is used for irrigating cotton. Syria has dammed its two tributaries and is constructing another dam. Iraq has seven dams in operation, but water control lost priority during Saddam Hussein's regime. Since the collapse of Ba'ath Iraq in 2003, water use has come once again to the fore. The scarcity of water in the Middle East leaves Iraq in constant fear that Syria and Turkey will use up most of the water before it reaches Iraq. As it is, irrigation in southern Iraq leaves little water to join the Tigris at the Shatt-al-Arab.
[modifică] Vezi şi
- Cradle of Humanity
- List of places in Iraq
- Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh
[modifică] Legături externe
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law See Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. Peace Palace Libray
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Euphrates; discusses the Old Testament references to the river
- Tigris-Euphrates River dispute, details of conflict and cooperation
- The Turkish National Policy for Utilizing the Waters of Euphrates-Tigris Basin (THE THREE-STAGED PLAN) tr
