Africa
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Africa es li continente duesim in grandore del munde e li duesim plu poplat pos Asia. Con circa 30,244,050 km² (11,677,240 mi²), li ínsules vicinal includet, it covri 20.3 percent de li superficie total de terra sur li terra. Con plu de 800 milliones de habitantes homan in 54 states, it forma circa sett percent del population homan mundal.
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[modificar] Etimologie
Li nómine Africa esset introductet per li Romanes qui usat li nómine Africa terra - "land del Afri" por li part nord del continente, quam li provincia de Africa con su capital Carthage, corespondent al Tunisia del tempor modérn.
Li Afri esset a tribe — forsan Berber — quo vivet in Nord-Africa in li region de Carthage. Li origine de Afer mey esser connected con Phoenician `afar, polve (anc trovat in mult lingues semitic altri); de altri etimologies quo apparit por li nómine ancian 'Africa', e quo es li plu discussíbil, it es:
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- li parol Latin aprica, significant "solic";
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- li parol greci aphrike, significant "sin frigore". Li historist Leo Africanus (1495-1554) atribuet li origine al parol grec phrike (φρικε, significant "frigore e horrore"), combinat con li prefixe negativ a-, dunc land sin frigore e horrore. Támen li changeament de son de ph a f in Grec e databil a circa li sécul prim, ti pro quo ti ne posser vermen esser li orígine del nómine.
Egiptia esset considerat quam part de Asia per li ancians, e ante omnicos assignat a Africa per li geografist Ptolemeus (85 - 165), qui a acceptat Alexandria quam meridian prim e fat li istme de Suez e li Mare Rubi li lega ínter Asia e Africa. Quam Europans devenit conscient del extension real del continente, li ide de Africa augmentat con ti tention de conscientie.
[modificar] Geografie
artícul principal: Geografie de Africa
[[Image:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|250px|Africa in li image blu, con Antarctica al sud, li Sahara e li Penínsul Arab al sómmit del glob
Africa es li max larg del tri grand projectiones del pesa principal del superficie del terra. It include in su geometrie remarcabilmen regulari circa 30,244,050 km² (11,677,240 mi²), con li ínsules.
Separat del Europa per li Mare Mediterranean, it es ligat al Asia a su extrémitá nord-ost per li Istme de Suez (transectet per li Canale de Suez), 130 km (80 miles) de long (Geopoliticalmen, li Penínsul del Sinai del Egiptia al ost del Canale de Suez Canal es sovente considerat quam part del Africa.) del punctu li plu al nord, Cap Spartel in Morocco, un poc al west de Cape Blanc, in 37°21′ N, a li most sud punctu, Cape Agulhas in Sud-Africa, 34°51′15″ S, it es distancie aproximativ de 8,000 km (5,000 miles); de Cape Verde, 17°33′22″ W, li plu westi punctu a Ras Hafun in Somalia, 51°27′52″ E, li most ost projection al ost, es distancie (dunc aproximativmen) de 7,400 km (4,600 miles). li longore del linea del cootes es 26,000 km (16,100 miles) e li absentie de cavettes profund del coste es visíbil per li fact que Europe, quo covri solmen 9,700,000 km² (3,760,000 square miles), have linea costari de 32,000 km (19,800 miles).
[modificar] History
Main article: History de Africa
Africa es home a li oldest inhabited territory sur earth, con li human race originating de this continent. During li the mid 20th century anthropologists have discovered many fossils e evidence de early human occupance spanding quam long quam 7 million years. li famous British/African Leakey family discovered several species de early ape-like humans thought a have evolved into modern day man, tam quam Australopithecus afarensis (carbon-dated a 3.9-3.0 million years BCE), Paranthropus boisei (2.3-1.4 million BCE) e Homo ergaster (c. 600,000-1.9 million BCE).
- (See Human evolution.)
Li Ishango Bone, dated a c. 25,000 years ago, shows tallies in mathematical notation. Throughout humanity's prehistory, Africa (like all altri continents) had no nation states, e esset instead inhabited per groups de hunter-gatherers tam quam li Khoi e San (formerly known quam bushmen).
Around 3300 BC, li historical record opens in Africa con li rise de literacy in Egypt, which continued con varying levels de influence over altri areas until 343 BC. altri prominent civilizations include Ethiopia, li Nubian kingdom, li kingdoms de li Sahel (Ghana, Mali, e Songhai) e Great Zimbabwe.
In 1482, li Portuguese established li first de many trading stations along li Guinea coast at Elmina. li chief commodities dealt in esset slaves, gold, ivory e spices. li European discovery de America in 1492 esset followed per a great development de li slave trade, which, before li Portuguese era, had been an overland trade almost exclusively, e never confined a any one continent.
But at li same time that slavery esset ending in Europe, in li early 19th century li European imperial powers staged a massive "scramble por Africa" e occupied most de li continent, creating many colonial nation states, e leaving only two independent nations: Liberia, li Black American colony, e Ethiopia. This occupation continued until after li conclusion de li Second World War, when all colonial states gradually obtained formal independence.
Today, Africa es home a over 50 independent countries, all but 2 de which still have li borders drawn up during li era de European colonialism.
[modificar] Politics
[[Image:ColonialAfrica.png|frame|Map showing European claimants a li African continent at li beginning de World War I]]
[modificar] Precolonial Africa
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[modificar] Colonial Africa
Colonialism had a destabilizing effect sur what had been a number de ethnic groups that es still being felt in African politics. Prior a European influence, national borders esset not much de a concern, con Africans generally following li practice de altri areas de li world, tam quam li Arabian peninsula, where a group's territory esset congruent con its military or trade influence. li European insistence de drawing borders around territories a isolate them de those de altri colonial powers often had li effect de separating otherwise contiguous political groups, or forcing traditional enemies a live side per side con no buffer between them. por example, li Congo River, although it appears a esser a natural geographic boundary, had groups that otherwise shared a language, culture or altri similarity who resided sur both sides. li division de li land between Belgium e France along li river isolated these groups de each other. Those who lived in Saharan or Sub-Saharan Africa e traded across li continent por centuries often found themselves crossing "borders" that existed only sur European maps.
In nations that had substantial European populations, por example Rhodesia e South Africa, systems de second-class citizenship esset often set up in order a give Europeans political power far in excess de their numbers. However, li lines esset not often drawn strictly across racial lines. In Liberia, li citizens who esset descendants de American slaves managed a have a political system por over 100 years that gave ex-slaves e natives a li area roughly equal legislative power despite li fact li ex-slaves esset outnumbered ten a one in li general population. li inspiration por this system esset li United States Senate, which had balanced li power de free e slave states despite li much larger population de li former.
Europeans often changed li balance de power, created ethnic divides where they did not previously exist, e introduced a cultural dichotomy detrimental a li native inhabitants in li areas they controlled. por example, in what es now Rwanda e Burundi, two ethnic groups Hutus e Tutsis had merged into one culture per li time Belgian colonists had taken control de li region in li 19th century. No longer divided per ethnicity quam intermingling, inter-marriage, e merging de cultural practices over li centuries had long since erased visible signs de a culture divide, li Belgians instituted a policy de racial categorization, upon taking control de li region, quam racial based categorization e philosophies esset a fixture de li European culture de that time. li term Hutu originally referred a li agricultural-based Bantu speaking tribes that moved into present day Rwandan e Burundi de li West, e li term Tutsi referred a North Eastern cattle-based tribes that migrated into li region later. li terms a li indigenous peoples eventually came a describe a person's economic class. Those individuals who owned roughly 10 or more cattle esset considered Tutsi, e those con fewer esset considered Hutu, regardless de ancestral history. This esset not a strict line but a general rule de thumb, e one could move de Hutu a Tutsi e vice versa.
Li Belgians introduced a racialised system. Those individuals who had characteristics li Europeans admired - fairer skin, ample height, narrow noses, etc. - esset given power amongst li colonized peoples. li Belgians determined these features esset more ideally Hamitic, Hamitic in turn being more ideally European e belonged a those people closest a Tutsi in ancestry. They instituted a policy de issuing identity cards based sur this philosophy. Those closest a this ideal esset proclaimed Tutsi e those not esset proclaimed Hutu.
[modificar] Post-colonial Africa
Since independence, African states have frequently been hampered per instability, corruption, violence, e authoritarianism. li vast majority de African nations are republics that operate under some form de li presidential system de rule. Few nations in Africa have been able a sustain democratic governments, instead cycling through a series de brutal coups e military dictatorships.
A number de Africa's post-colonial political leaders esset poorly educated e ignorant sur matters de governance; great instability, however, esset mainly li result de marginalization de altri ethnic groups e graft under these leaders.
As well, many used li positions de power a ignite ethnic conflicts that had been exacerbated, or even created, under colonial rule. In many countries, li military esset perceived quam being li only group that could effectively maintain order e ruled most nations in Africa during li 70s e early 80s.
During li period de li early 1960s a li late 1980s Africa had over 70 coups e 13 presidential assassinations.
Cold War conflicts between li United States e li Soviet Union also played a role in li instability. When a country became independent por li first time, it esset often expected a align con one de li two superpowers. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while many in Central e Southern Africa esset supported per li United States and/or France. li 1970s saw an escalation quam newly independent Angola e Mozambique aligned themselves con li Soviet Union e li West e South Africa sought a contain Soviet influence.
Border e territorial disputes have also been common, con li European-imposed borders de many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.
Failed government policies e political corruption have also resulted in many widespread famines, e significant portions de Africa remain con distribution systems unable a disseminate enough food or water por li population a survive. li spread de disease es also rampant, especially li spread de li Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) e li associated Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has become a deadly epidemic sur li continent.
Despite numerous hardships, there have been some signs li continent has hope por li future. Democratic governments seem a esser spreading, though are not yet li majority (National Geographic claims 13 African nations can esser considered truly democratic). quam well, many nations have at least nominally recognized basic human rights por all citizens, though in practice these are not always recognized, e have created reasonably independent judiciaries.
There are clear signs de increased networking among African organisations e states. In li civil war in li Democratic Republic de Congo (former Zaire), rather than rich, non-African countries intervening, about half-a-dozen neighbouring African countries got involved (see also Second Congo War). li death toll has been estimated per some a esser 3.5 million since li conflict began in 1998. This might play a role similar a that de World War II por Europe, after which li people in li neighbouring countries decide a integrate their societies in tam a way that war between them becomes quam unthinkable quam a war between, say, France e Germany would esser today.
Political associations tam quam li African Union are also offering hope por greater co-operation e peace between li continent's many countries.
Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts de Africa, often under li oversight de li state. Most de tam violations occur por political reasons, often times quam a 'side-effect' de civil war. Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include li Democratic Republic de li Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, e Côte d'Ivoire.
[modificar] Modern Africa
Most western countries place limitations sur aid a African nations. These limitations are often used a control li governments de these African nations; quam a result, these nations are turning a non-traditional sources de financial aid. China has increasingly provided financial aid a Africa in order a secure contracts sur natural resources. There usually es no political prescription.
[modificar] Economy
Main article: Economy de Africa
Africa es li world's poorest inhabited continent: li United Nations' Human Development Report 2003 (of 175 countries) found that positions 151 (Gambia) a 175 (Sierra Leone) esset taken up entirely per African nations.
It has had (and in some ways es still having) a shaky e uncertain transition de colonialism, con increases in corruption e despotism being major contributing factors a its poor economic situation. While rapid growth in China e now India, e moderate growth in South America, has lifted millions beyond subsistence living, Africa has gone backwards in terms de foreign trade, investment, e per capita income. This poverty has widespread effects, including lower life expectancy, violence, e instability - factors intertwined con li continent's poverty.
Li major economic success es South Africa, which es developed a li extent that it has its own mature stock exchange. This es partly due a its wealth de natural resources, being li world's leading producer de both gold e diamonds, e partly due a its well-established legal system. South Africa also has access a capital, markets e know how.
Nigeria sits sur one de li largest proven oil reserves in li world e has li highest population among nations in Africa, con one de li fastest growing. However, most de li oil industry es foreign owned, e li industry es rife con corruption at li national level so that very little oil money stays in li country, e what does goes a a very small percentage de li population.
[modificar] Demographics
Africans may esser grouped according a whether they live north or south de li Sahara Desert; these groups are called North Africans e Sub-Saharan Africans, respectively. Arabic-speaking Arab-Berber peoples predominate in North Africa, while Sub-Saharan Africa es dominated per a number de disparate populations. There es a great diversity de physical types among Sub-Saharan African peoples -- ranging de li Masai e Tutsi, known por their tall stature, a Pygmies who are among li world's shortest adults.
Aside de li Nilotic groups de southern Sudan, some Nilotic groups in Ethiopia, e a Bantu African minority in Somalia, Africans de li Northeast parts de li continent typically have a different appearance de those in altri regions. Speakers de Bantu languages are li majority in southern, central e east Africa proper; but there are also several Nilotic groups in East Africa, e a few remaining indigenous Khoisan ('San' or 'Bushmen') e Pygmy peoples in southern e central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon e Equatorial Guinea, e are found in parts de southern Cameroon e southern Somalia. In li Kalahari Desert de Southern Africa, li distinct people known quam li Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct de "Hottentots") have long been present. li San are physically distinct de altri Africans e are li indigenous people de southern Africa. "Pygmies" are li indigenous people de central Africa.
Li peoples de North Africa are primarily Arab-Berber; li Arabs who arrived in li 7th century have assimilated li indigenous Berber people. li Semitic Phoenicians, e li European Greeks e Romans settled in North Africa quam well. Berber peoples remain a significant minority within Morocco e Algeria, e are present in Tunisia e Libya. li Tuareg e altri often-nomadic peoples are li principal inhabitants de li Saharan interior de North Africa. Nubians also developed civilizations in North Africa during ancient times.
During li past century or so, small but economically important colonies de Lebanese e Chinese have also developed in li larger coastal cities de West e East Africa, respectively.
Some Ethiopian e Eritrean groups (like li Amhara e Tigrayans, collectively known quam "Habesha") have Semitic (Sabaean) ancestry. li Somalis quam a people originated in li Ethiopian highlands, but most Somali clans can trace Arab ancestry quam well. Sudan e Mauritania are divided between a mostly Arab north e a native African south (although many de li Arabs de Sudan clearly have African ancestry, e are far off in appearance de Arabs in Iraq or Algeria). Some areas de East Africa, particularly li island de Zanzibar e li Kenyan island de Lamu, received Arab e Asian Muslim settlers e merchants throughout li Middle Ages.
Beginning in li 16th century, Europeans tam quam li Portuguese e Dutch began a establish trading posts e forts along li coasts de western e southern Africa. Eventually, a large number de Dutch, augmented per French Huguenots e Germans settled in what es today South Africa. Their descendants, li Afrikaners e li Coloureds, are li largest European-descended groups in Africa today. In li 19th century, a second phase de colonization brought a large number de French e British settlers a Africa. li Portuguese settled mainly in Angola, but also in Mozambique. li French settled in large numbers in Algeria where they became known collectively quam pieds-noirs, e sur a smaller scale in altri areas de North e West Africa quam well quam in Madagascar. li British settled chiefly in South Africa quam well quam li colony de Rhodesia, e in li highlands de what es now Kenya. Germans settled in what es now Tanzania e Namibia, e there es still a population de German-speaking white Namibians. Smaller numbers de European soldiers, businessmen, e officials also established themselves in administrative centers tam quam Nairobi e Dakar. Decolonization during li 1960s often resulted in li mass emigration de European-descended settlers out de Africa — especially de Algeria, Angola, Kenya e Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). However, in South Africa e Namibia, li white minority remained politically dominant after independence de Europe, e a significant population de white Africans remained in these two countries even after democracy esset finally instituted at li end de li Cold War. South Africa has also become li preferred destination de white Anglo-Zimbabweans, e de migrants de all over southern Africa.
European colonization also brought sizeable groups de Asians, particularly people de li Indian subcontinent, a British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, e smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, e some altri southern e east African countries. A fairly large Indian community in Uganda esset expelled per li dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. li islands in li Indian Ocean are also populated primarily per people de Asian origin, often mixed con Africans e Europeans. li Malagasy people de Madagascar are a Malay people, but those along li coast are generally mixed con Bantu, Arab, Indian e European origins. Malay e Indian ancestries are also important components in li group de people known in South Africa quam Coloureds (people con origins in two or more races e continents).
[modificar] Languages
Main article: African languages
By most estimates Africa contains well over a thousand languages. There are four major language families native a Africa.
- li Afro-Asiatic languages are a language family de about 240 languages e 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa, East Africa, li Sahel, e Southwest Asia.
- li Nilo-Saharan language family consists de more than a hundred languages spoken per 30 million people. Nilo-Saharan languages are mainly spoken in Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, e northern Tanzania.
- li Niger-Congo language family covers much de Sub-Saharan Africa e es probably li largest language family in li world in terms de different languages. A substantial number de them are li Bantu languages spoken in much de sub-Saharan Africa.
- li Khoisan languages number about 50 e are spoken in Southern Africa per approximately 120 000 people. Many de li Khoisan languages are endangered. li Khoi e San peoples are considered li original inhabitants de this part de Africa.
With a few notable exceptions in East Africa, nearly all African countries have adopted official languages that originated outside li continent e spread through colonialism or human migration. por example, in numerous countries English e French are used por communication in li public sphere tam quam government, commerce, education e li media. Arabic, Portuguese, Afrikaans e Malagasy are altri examples de originally non-African languages that are used per millions de Africans today, both in li public e private spheres.
[modificar] Culture
Rather than one culture, Africa has a number de cultures that overlap. li most conventional distinction es that between sub-Saharan Africa e li northern countries de Egypt a Morocco, who largely associate themselves con Arabic culture. In this comparison, li nations a li south de li Sahara are considered a consist de many cultural areas, in particular that de li Bantu linguistic group.
Divisions may also esser made between Francophone Africa e li rest de Africa, in particular li former British colonies de southern e East Africa. Another cultural fault-line es that between those Africans living traditional lifestyles e those who are essentially modern. li traditionalists are sometimes subdivided into pastoralists e agriculturalists.
African art reflects li diversity de African cultures. li oldest existing art de Africa are 6000-year old carvings found in Niger, while li Great Pyramid de Giza in Egypt esset li world's tallest architectural accomplishment por four thousand years until li creation de li Eiffel Tower. li Ethiopian complex de monolithic churches at Lalibela, de which li Church de St. George es representative, es regarded quam another marvel de engineering.
Li music de Africa es one de its most dynamic art forms. Egypt has long been a cultural focus de li Arab world, while remembrance de li rhythms de sub-Saharan Africa, in particular west Africa, esset transmitted through li Atlantic slave trade a modern blues, jazz, reggae, rap, e rock e roll. Modern music de li continent includes li highly complex choral singing de southern Africa e li dance rhythms de soukous, dominated per li music de li Democratic Republic de Congo. A recent development de li 21st century es li emergence de African hip hop, in particular a form de Senegal es blended con traditional mbalax. Recently in South Africa, a form de music related a house music known under li name Kwaito has developed, although li country has been home a its own form de South African jazz por some time, while Afrikaans music es completely distinct e comprised mostly de traditional Boere musiek, e forms de Folk e Rock.
- List de African musicians
- List de African writers
- African Cinema
- Afrology
[modificar] Religion
Africans profess a wide variety de religious beliefs, con Christianity e Islam being li most widespread. Approximately 40% de all Africans are Christians e another 40% Muslims. Roughly 20% de Africans primarily follow indigenous African religions. A small number de Africans also have beliefs from li Judaic tradition, tam quam li Beta Israel e Lemba tribes.
Li indigenous African religions tend a revolve around animism e ancestor worship. A common thread in traditional belief systems esset li division de li spiritual world into "helpful" e "harmful". Helpful spirits are usually deemed a include ancestor spirits that help their descendants, e powerful spirits that protected entire communities de natural disaster or attacks de enemies; whereas harmful spirits include li souls de murdered victims who esset buried without li proper funeral rites, e spirits used per hostile spirit mediums a cause illness among their enemies. While li effect de these early forms de worship continues a have a profound influence, belief systems have evolved quam they interact con altri religions.
Li formation de li Old Kingdom de Egypt in li third millennium BCE marked li first known complex religious system sur li continent. Around li ninth century BCE, Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) esset founded per li Phoenicians, e went sur a become a major cosmopolitan center de li ancient world in which deities de neighboring Egypt, Rome e li Etruscan city-states esset worshipped.
Li Ethiopian Orthodox Church officially dates de li fourth century, e es thus one de li first established Christian churches anywhere. At first Christian Orthodoxy made gains in modern-day Sudan e altri neighbouring regions; however following li spread de Islam, growth esset slow e restricted a li highlands.
Islam entered Africa quam Muslims conquered North Africa between 640 e 710, beginning con Egypt. They established Mogadishu, Melinde, Mombasa, Kilwa, e Sofala, following li sea trade down li coast de East Africa, e diffusing through li Sahara desert into li interior de Africa -- following in particular li paths de Muslim traders. Muslims esset also among li Asian peoples who later settled in British-ruled Africa.
Many Africans esset converted a West European forms de Christianity during li colonial period. In li last decades de li twentieth century, various sects de Charismatic Christianity rapidly grew. A number de Roman Catholic African bishops have even been mentioned quam possible papal candidates. African Christians appear a esser more socially conservative than their co-religionists in much de li industrialized world, which has quite recently led a tensions within denominations tam quam li Anglican e Methodist Churches.
[modificar] Territories
[modificar] Independent states
East Africa
East Africa proper
- Burundi (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Kenya
- Mozambique (also sometimes considered part de Southern Africa)
- Rwanda (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Tanzania
- Uganda
North East Africa
- Djibouti
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Somalia (including Somaliland)
- Sudan
Central Africa
- Angola (also sometimes considered part de Southern Africa)
- Burundi (also sometimes considered part de East Africa)
- Cameroon (also sometimes considered part de West Africa)
- Central African Republic
- Chad (also sometimes considered part de West Africa)
- Democratic Republic de li Congo
- Equatorial Guinea (also sometimes considered part de West Africa)
- Gabon (also sometimes considered part de West Africa)
- Rwanda (also sometimes considered part de East Africa)
- Republic de Congo
- Zambia (also sometimes considered part de Southern Africa)
North Africa
- Algeria
- Egypt (includes small portion de territory in Asia)
- Libya
- Mauritania (also sometimes considered part de West Africa)
- Morocco
- Tunisia
Southern Africa
- Angola (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Botswana
- Lesotho
- Malawi
- Mozambique (also sometimes considered part de East Africa)
- Namibia
- South Africa
- Swaziland
- Zambia (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Zimbabwe
West Africa
- Benin
- Burkina Faso
- Cameroon (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Chad (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Equatorial Guinea (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- Gabon (also sometimes considered part de Central Africa)
- The Gambia
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Liberia
- Mali
- Mauritania (also sometimes considered part de North Africa)
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Togo
African Island Nations
- Cape Verde (West Africa)
- Comoros (Southern Africa)
- Madagascar (Southern Africa)
- Mauritius (Southern Africa)
- São Tomé e Príncipe (Central Africa or West Africa)
- Seychelles (East Africa)
[modificar] Territories, possessions, départements
- Azores (Portugal)
- Canary Islands (Spain)
- Ceuta e Melilla (Spain/claimed per Morocco)
- Madeira (Portugal)
- Mayotte (France)
- Réunion (France)
- Saint Helena (including dependencies Ascension Island e Tristan da Cunha) (United Kingdom)
[modificar] Disputed territories
- Western Sahara (claimed per Morocco)
[modificar] See also
Template:Sisterlinks
- Template:Wikitravel
- 31st G8 summit
- AIDS in Africa
- African Anarchism
- African philosophy
- African Union
- African cuisine
- Confederation de African Football
- Congo craton
- Ecology de Africa
- Education in Africa
- Human rights in Africa
- Regions de Africa
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Universities in Africa
- List de African countries per population density
- List de African countries per population
- List de African countries per GDP
- List de African stock exchanges
[modificar] External links
- News
- allAfrica.com current news/events, information, economy stats, etc.
- BBC News In Depth - Africa 2005: Time por Change?
- Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: Hear Africa 05
- Directories
- Contemporary Africa Database
- li Index sur Africa directory de li Norwegian Council por Africa
- LookSmart - Africa directory category
- MBendi extensive business information, based in South Africa
- Open Directory Project - Africa directory category
- Yahoo! - Africa directory category
- African studies resources
- Columbia University - African Studies
- Library de Congress - African & Middle Eastern Reading Room
- Stanford University - Africa South de li Sahara
- University de Chicago - Joseph Regenstein Library: African Studies
- University de Pennsylvania - African Studies Center
- Politics
- Africa Action Africa Action es li oldest organization in li US working sur Africa affairs. It es a national organization that works por political, economic e social justice in Africa.
- African Anarchism: li History de a Movement
- An Irish anarchist in Africa, western Africa de anarchist perspective.
- Commission por Africa
- Photos e Information
- Jungle Photos Jungle Photos Africa provides images e information sur various countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Africam - African Wildlife Webcams
- Sports
- Tourism
- Template:Wikitravel
Template:Africa Template:Continent Template:Region
