史潑尼克危機

维基百科，自由的百科全书

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目前已翻译35%，原文在en:Sputnik crisis。

史潑尼克一號

史潑尼克危機由1957年 10月4日蘇聯成功發射史潑尼克一號開始，是冷戰的轉捩點。當時美國一直認為自己在導彈和航天領域上站於領導地位。美國曾經在史潑尼克一號發射前嘗試過兩次試射人造衛星，但均告失敗。史潑尼克一號的成功令美國芒刺在背。此後太空競賽展開，美國公佈阿波羅計劃並於1969年登陸月球。

史潑尼克危機在美國引發一連串事件：

在兩天內計算史潑尼克一號的軌道
By February 1958, the political and defense communities had recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to execute R&D projects and created the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which later became the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA.
On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower formally brought the U.S. into the Space Race by signing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating NASA and later Project Mercury.
Education programs initiated to foster a new generation of engineers. One of the more remarkable and remembered things that came out of this was the concept of "New Math".
Dramatically increased support for scientific research. For 1959, Congress increased the National Science Foundation appropriation to $134 million, almost $100 million higher than the year before. By 1968, the NSF budget would stand at nearly $500 million.
The Polaris missile program.
Project management as an area of inquiry and an object of much scrutiny, leading up to the modern concept of project management and standardized project models such as the DoD Program Evaluation and Review Technique, PERT, invented for Polaris.
The decision by President Kennedy, who campaigned in 1960 on closing the "missile gap", to deploy 1000 Minuteman missiles, far more ICBMs than the Soviets had at the time.