創造力

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創造力是一種基於概念工具及精神上技巧的人類精神現象而最終產生或發展為創意、啟發及直覺。

[编辑] 創意

以非一般化的方式將看似無關的想法及觀念加以結合的能力。(陳詩雅)

創造(creativity) 定義：行為表現的結果附有新奇與價值

[编辑] 創造的範圍

对许多人来说，“创造”这个词昭示着艺术创作和文学写作。有些人也把创造和科学上的灵感联系在一起，这至少从古希腊的阿基米德时期就开始了。

潮流心理學有時候把它跟前額腦部活動或右腦活動甚至橫向思維聯繫起來。在藝術創作方面，有人把對藝術的各種不同的表達方式，利用一個連續的光譜來表示其創造力，從最小創造的「演繹」到完全的「創新」。對於跟隨地位已確立的艺术运动及流派的創作者，其創作往往流於對已有物品的「重新演繹」，這使原創的藝術工作者努力向着「創新」的標桿衝刺。不過，即使同樣是藝術工作者，我們往往對部份人(例如：舞蹈員、演員、管弦樂成員)期望他們創作之餘，亦希望他們重新演繹現有的作品；但另一方面，對於其他藝術工作者(例如：作者、畫師、作曲者)，我們往往樂於看到他們有更多的創作。

[编辑] 創造的方向

Creativity can be assessed on several dimensions:

Intellectual leadership. Creative thinkers are able to create new and promising theories or exciting trends which inspire others to follow up; in essence starting a movement, school of thought or trend.

Sensitivity to problems. Being able to identify problems that challenge others and open up a new field of thought is a mark of creative thinking.

原創性. Creative thinkers are able to find ideas or solutions that no one else has been able to come up with. Patents are given out only to original ideas.

Ingenuity. Ingenious solutions are able to solve problems in a neat and surprising way or which also reflect a new perspective at looking at the problem.

Unusualness. Creative thinkers are able to see the remote associations between ideas. When word association tests are given, people in highly creative literary fields like poets give a higher proportion of unique responses.

實用性. Solutions or ideas that are also practical are also considered more creative as the creator is able to meet the constraints of the problem while at the same time producing unusual and original solutions.

合適性. Non sequitur ideas can be highly original and unusual, but are not as creative as ideas which are also appropriate to the situation. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings Trilogy is within the genre of fantasy writing, but has also shown itself to be both convincing and imaginative.

[编辑] 創造的類型

在"創造的行為"裡， [亞瑟‧凱斯特勒 ] ( 1964以及各種各樣的印記) 列舉3 類有創造性的個人，"藝術家"，"鼠尾草"和"開玩笑的人"。保羅樺樹和布賴恩‧克萊格("碰撞事故創造性課"， 2002) 已經打電話給3 類創造性那個結果" aaahhh" ,"啊哈" ,並且" 哈哈" .藝術家建立美麗或者挑戰"aaahhh" . 鼠尾草建立想法或者解決辦法("啊哈") 並且開玩笑的人引起幽默("哈哈") . 在這三位一體裡的信仰者舉行全部必要的3 種元素在裡商務並且罐頭鑑定他們總計在方面" 真地有創造性" 公司也。

一個人也能透過它出現的地方分類創造性。

一、視創造為一種能力

Guilford認為創造力包含五種因素：

1. 流暢(fluency)：對問題快速反應，產生多種見解

2. 變通(flexibility)：變更思考方式，不受習慣限制

3. 獨創(originality)：產生不尋常、新奇與獨特的思想和方案

4. 精密(elaboration)：精益求精

5. 敏感(sensitivity)：在不疑處有疑

二、視創造為一種歷程

Wallas將創造思考(解決問題取向)分為五個階段，由上而下分別為：

1. 準備(preparation)：以不同角度看問題，蒐集相關訊息加以組織並解決問題

2. 醞釀(incubation)：將問題思考放入潛意識中進行

3. 豁朗(illumination)：解決問題方法突然出現在意識層次

4. 評價(evaluation)：檢驗解決問題可行性

5. 修正(revision)：將可行方法加以修正

三、創造力和認知

Sternberg認為創造力來自組合智力中的知識習得成分(knowledge-acquisition components)

[编辑] 創造力的評價

創造性可以被在幾維上評價︰

理智的領導：有創造性的思想家能建立鼓舞要追蹤的其它人的新和有希望理論或者令人激動的趨勢；本質上開始一次運動，思想學派或者趨勢。
對問題的敏感性：能鑑定問題為那挑戰其它並且開發一個想法的新領域是一個創造性思惟的標記。
獨創性：有創造性的思想家能找到沒有其他人已經能得到的想法或者解決辦法。專利只對最初想法被宣佈。
機敏：機敏的解決辦法能在一種整潔和驚人的模式裡解決問題或者也在看問題時反映出一個新遠景。
非常規：有創造性的思想家能看見在想法之間的遙遠關連。當字聯想試驗被給時，在象詩人一樣的非常有創造性的文學的領域裡的人給高比例的獨特的回應。

[编辑] 量度創造力

The ultimate test of a creativity is history. Highly creative works will survive the passage of time to remain in our memories: Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel, Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion, Shakespeare's plays. Genrich Altshuller introduced approaching creativity as an exact science with TRIZ in the 1950s. The psychologist Robert Sternberg has proposed to apply the name creatology to scientific studies of creativity.

Creativity can be measured based on a response to a variety of test scenarios:

Expressing ideas: the ability to easily develop and juggle an abundance of associations and phrases when presented with a single word or image.
Combining ideas in a new way: developing a wide range of innovative solutions when asked to explore new possibilities for an everyday item (such as a brick).
Finding new uses for existing ideas: generating an original idea or solution based on a suggested existing idea
Expansion: the ability to work up a tentative idea into a practical solution.
Focus and discrimination: recognizing the central challenge within an approach to a solution, while discounting any distracting minor elements, and then evaluating the difficulties.
Perspective swapping: the ability to suggest ways of viewing a known problem from a completely different perspective.

J. P. Guilford's group constructed several tests to measure creativity:

Plot Titles where participants are given the plot of a story and asked to write original titles.
Quick Responses is a word association test scored for uncommonness.
Figure Concepts where participants were given simple drawings of objects and individuals and asked to find qualities or features that are common by two or more drawings; these were scored for uncommonness.
Unusual Uses is finding unusual uses for common everyday objects such as bricks.
Remote Associations where participants are asked to find a word between two given words (e.g. Hand _____ Call)
Remote Consequences where participants are asked to generate a list of consequences of unexpected events (e.g. loss of gravity)

[编辑] 創造商數

有不少人曾嘗試參照「智商」(IQ)的量度而為「創造商數」作定義。不過，這些建議都不太成功，^[1]，原因是這些量度方式都流於對被測試者作個人判斷，而要訂立一個中立而標準化的評估準則，其實很困難。

[编辑] 社會對創造的態度

創造力的人格特質：獨立不從眾、思想行動不因襲傳統，善於變通、具備較多的想像空間、叛逆、憂鬱性格、缺乏自我控制、幽默，對工作較具熱忱、容忍曖昧情境

'Creatitivity' is much praised in principle, but much derided in practice. Those in logical and ordered organisations may praise it but be reluctant to set a creative individual 'loose' in their ordered system. Business is increasingly claiming that professional "creatives" do not have a monopoly on the concept of creativity, and that Problem solving in general may require a flexible mind. Employers may value lawyers, accountants, people in sales, and others more highly if such people can use a "creative" approach to their work, albeit within the confines of a logical and constraining system. The phrases "thinking outside the box" and "thinking outside the square" express this idea.

Ambivalence to creativity in the West may perhaps be due to the culture's image of creativity; the ingesting of drugs to generate visions; the celebration of eccentric behaviour; the possible cross-over between creativity and mental illness; the often bohemian sexual tastes of artists; the cultural association of artists with a life of poverty and misery.

[编辑] 孕育創造力

Some see the conventional system of schooling as "stifling" of creativity and attempt (particularly in the pre-school/kindergarten and early school years) to provide a creativity-friendly, rich, imagination-fostering environment for young children. Compare Waldorf School.

A growing number of pop psychologists are making money off the idea that one can learn to become more "creative". Several different researchers have proposed several different approaches to prop up this idea, ranging from psychological-cognitive, such as:

Synectics
Purdue Creative Thinking Program
lateral thinking (courtesy of Edward de Bono)

to the highly structured such as:

TRIZ, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
ARIZ, the Algorithm of Inventive Problem-Solving both developed by the Russian scientist Genrich Altshuller.

[编辑] 時期及人物

公元4世紀

Pappus of Alexandria introduced the term "heuristics"

1470年代

達文西 (Leonardo da Vinci)

20世紀早期

Fritz Zwicky - Morphological Analysis
Pablo Picasso painter
Marcel Duchamp artist

1940年代

Lawrence Delos Miles
George Polya

1950年代

Alex Osborn
Sid Parnes
Genrikh Altshuller - TRIZ, ARIZ

1960年代

容格 (Carl Jung) classified creativity as one of the five main instinctive forces in humans (Jung 1964)
Edward Matchett - Fundamental design method (1968)
Carl Rogers's essay "Towards a Theory of Creativity" (1961):
Wiliam Gordon - Synectics
Edward de Bono - Lateral thinking