इस्रायल

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इस्रायेल
מדינת ישראל मेदिनात यिस्राएल دولة إسرائيل दौलत इस्राइल इस्रायेलचे राज्य
जागतिक नकाश्यावरील स्थान
[[Image:|250px]]
नकाशा
ब्रीदवाक्य	-
राजधानी	जेरुसलेम
सर्वात मोठे शहर	जेरुसलेम
राष्ट्रप्रमुख
पंतप्रधान
सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाचे न्यायाधीश
राष्ट्रगीत	हातीक्वा
राष्ट्रगान	-
स्वातंत्र्यदिवस	(ब्रिटनपासून) मे १४, १९४८ (घोषित)
प्रजासत्ताक दिन	-
राष्ट्रीय भाषा	हिब्रू, अरबी
इतर प्रमुख भाषा	-
राष्ट्रीय चलन	इस्रायेली नवा शेकेल
राष्ट्रीय प्राणी	-
राष्ट्रीय पक्षी	-
राष्ट्रीय फूल	-
क्षेत्रफळ एकूण– पाणी–	१४९वा क्रमांक २२,१४५ किमी² २ %
लोकसंख्या एकूण– घनता–	९९वा क्रमांक ७०,२६,००० ३०४ प्रती किमी²
आंतरराष्ट्रीय कालविभाग	इस्रायेली प्रमाणवेळ (यूटीसी +२/+३)
आंतरराष्ट्रीय दूरध्वनी क्रमांक	+९७२
आंतरजाल प्रत्यय	.il
वार्षिक सकल उत्पन्न (GDP)	५३वा क्रमांक १६३.४५ अब्ज अमेरिकन डॉलर किंवा इस्रायेली नवा शेकेल
वार्षिक दरडोई उत्पन्न (GDP per capita)	२८वा क्रमांक २३,४१६ अमेरिकन डॉलर किंवा इस्रायेली नवा शेकेल

इस्रायल, अधिकृतरीत्या इस्रायल संघराज्य हा पश्चिम आशियातील भूमध्य सागराच्या किनाऱ्याला लागून आग्नेयेस वसलेला एक देश आहे. जेरुसलेम ही इस्रायलची घोषित राजधानी आहे (जेरुसलेम ही इस्रायेलची राजधानी असण्यावरून वाद चालू आहे. त्यामुळे बऱ्याच राष्ट्रांनी आपले दूतावास तेल अवीवमध्ये ठेवले आहेत).^[1]

इस्रायलमध्ये संसदीय लोकशाही असून ते जगातले एकमेव ज्यू राष्ट्र आहे. परंतु इस्रायलमध्ये अनेक धर्माचे आणि अनेक पंथाचे लोक आहेत (पहा इस्रायली लोक).

अनुक्रमणिका 1 नाव 2 इतिहास 2.1 इतिहासाची पाळेमुळे 2.2 झीयोनिजम आणि देशांतर 2.3 ज्यूंचे भूमिगत गट 2.4 राष्ट्राची स्थापना 2.5 स्वातंत्र्ययुद्ध आणि देशांतर 2.6 १९५० आणि १९६०ची दशके 2.7 1970s 2.8 1980s 2.9 1990s 2.10 2000s 2.10.1 Israel-Lebanon conflict of 2006 3 Geography 3.1 Metropolitan areas 4 Government 4.1 Legislature 4.2 Executive 4.3 Constitution and legal system 4.4 Judiciary 5 Military 6 Economy 7 Population 7.1 Demographics 7.2 Culture of Israel 7.3 Religion in Israel 8 Human rights 9 Annotated list of Israeli media sources 10 टीपणे 11 See also 12 External links 12.1 General information 12.2 Government 12.3 The Knesset (parliament) 12.4 Legislation and the legal system 12.5 History 12.6 Economy, science, and technology 12.7 Foreign relations and the current conflicts 12.8 Society 12.9 Photos 12.10 Historical recordings

[संपादन] नाव

"इस्रायल" ह्या नावाचा उगम हिब्रू बायबलमध्ये आढळून येतो. ज्यात जेकबचे एका विचित्र शक्तिबरोबर मल्लयुद्ध झाल्यावर^[2] त्याला इस्रायल हे नाव मिळाले. त्याच्या पितृछायेखाली वाढलेल्या लोकांना "इस्रायलची मुले" अथवा "इस्रायली" असे नाव पडले. सध्याच्या आधुनिक इस्रायलच्या लोकांना मराठीत "इस्रायली" असे संबोधतात.

जेनेसीस ३२:२८ च्या interlinear भाषांतरात "इस्रायल" ह्या शब्दाचा पहिला उल्लेख बायबलमध्ये पुढीलप्रमाणे आला आहे (इंग्रजी भाषांतर): "And-he-is-saying not Jacob he-shall-be-said further name-of-you but rather Israel (इस्रायल) that you-are-upright with Elohim and with mortals and-you-are-prevailing."^[3] थोडक्यात ישראל चे शब्दशः भाषांतर "देवाला सन्मुख" असे आहे (ישר-אל; इश्र-अल).

[संपादन] इतिहास

मुख्य पान: इस्रायलचा इतिहास

[संपादन] इतिहासाची पाळेमुळे

हे सुद्धा पहा: ज्यूडा आणि प्राचीन इस्रायलचा इतिहास

इस्रायल ह्या शब्दाचा लिखित वापर प्रथम इजिप्तच्या स्टेलने (Merneptah Stele) कनानवरील लष्करी स्वाऱ्यांचे वर्णन टिपताना केला. जरी स्टेलने ह्याचा वापर लोकांच्या समूहासाठी (राष्ट्राच्या संकल्पनेचा त्यात अभाव होता) ई.पू. १२११ साली केला, ^[4] तरी ज्यू परंपरेनुसार इस्रायलची भूमी ही ३००० वर्षांपासून ज्यू लोकांसाठी पवित्र भूमी व वचन भूमी आहे. इस्रायलची भूमी ज्यू लोकांसाठी धार्मिकदृष्ट्या खूप महत्त्चाची आहे. कारण तिथे ज्यू लोकांची अनेक पवित्र धर्मस्थळे आहेत, ज्यामध्ये ज्यूंचा राजा सोलोमनच्या पहिल्या व दुसरया मंदिराचे अवशेष आहेत. ह्या दोन मंदिरांशी संलग्न असलेल्या ज्यूंच्या अनेक महत्त्वाच्या चालीरिती आहेत ज्या आधुनिक ज्युडीसमच्या मूळ समजल्या जातात.^[5] ई. स. पूर्व ११ व्या शतकापासून ज्यू राज्यांच्या समूहाने इस्रायलच्या भूमीवर अधिपत्य केले, जे साधारण एका सहस्त्रकाहून अधिक काळ टिकले.

नंतर असिरीयन, बॅबिलोनियन, पर्शियन, ग्रीक, रोमन, बॅझंटाईन आणि काही काळापुरते सास्सानियन राज्यांच्या प्रभावामुळे व समूहांनी विस्थापन झाल्यांमुळे त्या विभागातील ज्यूंचा प्रभाव कमीकमी होत गेला. विशेषकरुन ई. स. १३२ साली रोमन साम्राज्याविरुद्ध केलेल्या बार खोबाच्या बंडाला आलेल्या अपयशामुळे मोठ्या प्रमाणावर ज्यूंची हाकालपट्टी झाली. ह्याच काळात रोमन लोकांनी ह्या भूभागाला सिरीया पॅलेस्टीना असे नाव देऊन ह्या भूमीशी ज्यूंचे असलेले नाते तोडुन टाकण्याचा प्रयत्न केला.^[6] मिस्नाह आणि जेरुसलेम तालमुद हे दोन ज्युडीसमचे सर्वात महत्त्वाचे धर्मग्रंथ ह्याच काळात ह्या भूमीवर लिहीले गेले. त्यानंतर मुसलमानांनी हा प्रांत बॅझंटाईन साम्राज्याकडुन ६३८ साली जिंकून घेतला. त्यानंतर (क्रुसेडरांच्या स्वारयांचा काळ सोडल्यास) १५१७ पर्यंत ह्या भागावर विविध मुसलमान राज्यांचे अधिपत्य होते. १५१७ साली हा प्रांत ओट्टोमन साम्राज्याच्या अधिपत्याखाली गेला.

[संपादन] झीयोनिजम आणि देशांतर

Template:Israelis

मुख्य पानs: झीयोनिसम and अलियाह

इस्रायलमध्ये देशांतराची पहिली लाट अथवा अलियाह (עלייה) १८८१ साली सुरु झाली. ह्याचे कारण ज्यूंचा होणारा छ्ळ किंवा समाजवादी मोसेस हेससह इतरांच्या "इस्रायलच्या भूमीची मुक्तता" करण्याच्या झियोनिस्ट विचारांचा प्रभाव हे होते. ज्यूंनी ओट्टोमन आणि अरब जमीनदारांकडुन जमीनी विकत घेतल्या. जेव्हा ज्यूंनी तिथे शेती करण्यास सुरुवात केली तेव्हा तेथील अरब आणि ज्यूंमध्ये तणाव वाढू लागला.

ऑस्ट्रीयन ज्यू असलेल्या थियोडर हर्झने (१८६०-१९०४) झीयोनिस्ट चळवळीचा पाया घातला. १८९६ साली त्याने डर ज्यूडेन्स्टॅट (Der Judenstaat अथवा ज्यू राज्य) प्रकाशित केले ज्यामध्ये त्याने ज्यू राष्ट्राची मागणी केली. पुढच्याच वर्षी त्याने जागतिक झीयोनिस्ट कॉंग्रेसची सभा भरवण्यास मदत केली.

झीयोनिसमच्या स्थापनेमुळे दुसरे अलियाह (१९०४-१९१४) घडण्यास मदत केली ज्यामध्ये साधारण ४०००० ज्यूंनी इस्रायलमध्ये स्थलांतर केले. १९१७ साली, ब्रिटीश परराष्ट्र्मंत्री आर्थर जे. बलफोर (Arthur Balfour) यांनी काढलेल्या बेलफोर घोषपत्रात पॅलेस्टाईनमधील ज्यूंची वसाहत हा ज्यूंचा अधिकार आहे असा दृष्टीकोन स्विकारला गेला. १९२० साली पॅलेस्टाईनचा समावेश ब्रिटीशांच्या अखत्यारीतील राष्ट्रांच्या गटात (League of Nations mandate administered by Britain) करण्यात आला.

प्रथम विश्वयुद्धानंतर पून्हा ज्यू लोकांचा देशांतराचा ओघ तिसऱ्या आणि चौथ्या लाटांमध्ये झाला. १९२९ साली अरबांनी ज्यूंच्या केलेल्या कत्तलीत १३३ ज्यू बळी पडले, ज्यामधील ६७ हेब्रॉनमध्ये बळी पडले.

१९३३ साली झालेल्या नाझीसमच्या उदयाची परिणीती अलियाहच्या पाचव्या लाटेत झाली. अशाप्रकारे त्याप्रांतातील ज्यूंचे प्रमाण १९२२ साली असलेल्या ११% ने वाढून १९४० पर्यंत ३०% वर जाउन पोचलेTemplate:Fact. इस्रयलचा दक्षिण भूभाग हा मुख्यत्वेकरून पडीक व मोकळे असलेल्या नेगेव वाळवंटाने व्यापलेला आहे. त्यानंतर युरोपमध्ये झालेल्या सर्वनाशाच्या पार्श्वभूमीवर युरोपाच्या इतर भागांमधून अजून देशांतर झाले. द्वितिय विश्वयुद्धाच्या अंतानंतर पॅलेस्टाईनमधील ज्यूंची संख्या सुमारे ६,००,००० होती.

१९३९ साली इंग्रजांनी अरबांच्या लाक्षणिक विरोधाला (१९३६-३९) बळी पडुन १९३९चे श्वेतपत्र काढले, ज्यायोगे युद्धाच्या दरम्यान ज्यूंचे देशांतर ७५००० वर नियंत्रित केले व ज्यूंच्या जमीनी खरेदी करण्यावर निर्बंध आणले. हे श्वेतपत्र बेलफोर घोषपत्राशी विसंगत असल्यामुळे ते ज्यूंनी त्याच्याकडे एक दगा म्हणूनच पाहिले. अरबांना ज्यूंचे देशांतर पूर्णपणे थांबवायचे असल्यामुळे त्यांचेही ह्या श्वेतपत्राने विशेष समाधान झाले नाही. तरीसुद्धा इंग्रजांनी आपली राजवट तिथे असेपर्यंत हेच श्वेतपत्र प्रमाण म्हणून धरले. ह्याचा परिणाम म्हणजे नाझीच्या छळाला आणि सर्वनाशाला घाबरून पॅलेस्टाईनला पळून येणाऱ्या बऱ्याच ज्यूंना इंग्रजांनी पकडुन युरोपात परत पाठवले. ह्या धोरणाचे अगदी ठळक उदाहरण म्हणजे स्ट्रुमा आणि एक्सोडस ही जहाजे. [1] हे धोरण जुगारुन युरोपमधून पळण्याच्या ह्या प्रयत्नांना अलियाह बेथ असे संबोधले गेले.

[संपादन] ज्यूंचे भूमिगत गट

मुख्य पान: ब्रिटीशांचा पॅलेस्टाईनवरील अंमल

ज्यू आणि अरब समाजातील तणाव वाढू लागल्यावर व इंग्रज अंमलदारांकडून फारशी मदत मिळणार नाही असे दिसल्यावर ज्यूंनी स्वसंरक्षणासाठी स्वयंपूर्ण होण्यास सुरुवात केली.

बेलफोर घोषणापत्र, इंग्रज अंमलदार व ज्यू देशवासीयांचे विरोधक असणाऱ्या काही अरब देशवासीयांनी जेरुसलेम, हेब्रॉन, जाफा आणि हैफा इत्यादी शहरांमध्ये ज्यूंविरुद्ध जातियवादी दंगे भडकविले. १९२१ सालच्या अरबांच्या हल्ल्याला प्रत्युत्तर म्हणून हगानाह नावाची ज्यू संघटना ज्यूंच्या वसाहतींचे रक्षण करण्यासाठी स्थापन करण्यात आली. हगानाह्चे स्वरूप मुख्यत्वेकरून बचावात्मक होते. ज्याचा आणि इतर अनेक गोष्टींचा परीणाम म्हणून अनेक सदस्य त्यातुन फुटुन निघाले व त्यांनी इरगुन (ज्याला सुरुवातीला हगानाह बेट असे संबोधले गेले) नावाचा दहशतवादी गट १९३१ साली स्थापन केला. इरगुनने बरीच आक्रमक भूमिका घेतली, ज्यामध्ये हल्ले करणे तसेच इंग्रजांविरुद्ध सशस्त्र लढा देणे जसे इंग्रजांचे लष्करी मुख्यालय असलेल्या किंग डेव्हीड हॉटेलवर हल्ला ज्यात ९१ लोक मारले गेले इत्यादींचा समावेश होता. ह्गानाने याउलट संयमी भूमिका घेतली. अवराहम स्टर्नने इरगुन सोडुन लेही गट (ज्याला स्टर्न गॅंग असेही ओळखले जात असे) स्थापन करुन (जिच्या कामाची पद्धत इरगुनपेक्षाही जहाल होती) इरगुनमध्ये अजून फूट पाडली. त्यांनी इरगुनपासून अजून फारकत घेऊन द्वितिय विश्वयुद्धाच्या वेळेस इंग्रजांना कोणत्याही प्रकारची मदत करण्यास नकार दिला व याउपर त्यांनी नाझींबरोबर संधान बांधण्याचा प्रयत्न करुन युरोपातील ज्यूंना इस्रायलमध्ये आणण्याची व्यवस्था केली.

ह्या गटांचे १९४८च्या अरब-इस्रायली युद्धाच्या आधीच्या घटनांवर दूरगामी आणि व्यापक परीणाम झाले, जसे अलियाह बेथ--युरोपातून ज्यूंचे देशांतर, इस्रायली बचाव दलाची स्थापना आणि इंग्रजांची माघार व इस्रायली राजकीय पक्षांचा पाया जे सध्या इस्रायलमध्ये अस्तित्वात आहेत.

[संपादन] राष्ट्राची स्थापना

मुख्य पान: इस्रायल राज्याच्या स्थापनेचे घोषणापत्र

हिंसाचाराच्या वाढत्या घटनांच्या व ज्यू आणि अरब वसाहतींमध्ये समेट घडवून आणण्यात आलेल्या अपयशाच्या पार्श्वभूमीवर १९४७ साली ईंग्रज सरकारने पॅलेस्टाईन अंमलमधून आपला सहभाग काढून घेण्याचा निर्णय घेतला. संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघाच्या परिषदेने १९४७ ची फाळणी योजना संमत केली ज्यामध्ये भूभागाचे दोन तुकडे करण्यात आले. ह्या फाळणीत ज्यूंना साधारण ५५% तर अरबांना ४५% भूभाग दिला. जेरुसलेमच्या अधिकाराबाबतीतला वाद टाळण्यासाठी त्याला संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघाच्या सर्वेक्षणाखाली असलेल्या भूभागाचा दर्जा देण्यात आला.

संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघाने फाळणीचा ठराव नेव्हेंबर २९, १९४७ साली पास केल्यानंतर लगेचच डेव्हीड बेन-गुरीयनने फाळणीला मान्यता दिली, परंतु अरबांनी ह्या ठरावाला मान्यता दिली नाही. दोन्ही वसाहतींमधील अनेक ठिकाणी होणाऱ्या चकमकींचे पर्यावसान लगेचच युद्धात झाले ज्याला १९४८ च्या स्वातंत्र्ययुद्धाचा पहिला टप्पा असे संबोधण्यात येते.

इस्रायल राष्ट्राची घोषणा पॅलेस्टाईन अंमल संपण्याच्या एक दिवस अगोदर म्हणजे मे १४, १९४८ला करण्यात आली.

इस्रायलला संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघाचे सदस्यत्व मे ११, १९४९ला मिळाले.

[संपादन] स्वातंत्र्ययुद्ध आणि देशांतर

मुख्य पान: १९४८चे अरब इस्रायली युद्ध

इस्रायल राष्ट्राच्या स्थापनेनंतर लगेचच इजिप्त, सिरीया, जॉर्डन, लेबनान आणि इराकची सैन्ये युद्धात उतरली आणि अशाप्रकारे १९४८च्या अरब-इस्रायली युद्धाचा दुसरा टप्पा सुरू झाला. उत्तरेकडून येणाऱ्या सिरीया, लेबनान आणि इराकच्या सैन्याला सीमारेषेजवळ थोपवण्यात आले. जॉर्डनच्या सैन्याने पूर्वेकडून आक्रमण करून पूर्व जेरुसलेम काबिज केले व शहराच्या पश्चिम भागाला वेढा दिला. परंतु हगानाच्या फौजांनी जवळजवळ सगळ्याच घुसलेल्या शत्रूच्या फौजांना मागे रेटले व इरगुनच्या फौजेने दक्षिणेकडून होणारे इजिप्तचे अधिक्रमण रोखले. जूनच्या सुरुवातीला संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघाने एक महिन्याची युद्धबंदी जाहीर केली व ह्या काळात इस्रायली बचाव दलाची अधिकृतपणे स्थापना करण्यात आली. अनेक महिन्यांच्या युद्धानंतर १९४९ साली युद्धबंदी जाहीर करण्यात आली व एक तात्पुरती सीमारेषा आखली गेली, ज्याला हरितरेषा असे संबोधले गेले. ह्या युद्धानंतर इस्रायलला मूळ फाळणीच्या ठरावात संमत झालेल्या भूभागापेक्षा २६% अधिक भूभाग (जॉर्डन नदीच्या पश्चिमेला) मिळाला. जॉर्डनला ज्यूडीया आणि समारीया परिसरातील दोंगराळ प्रदेश मिळाला ज्याला वेस्ट बॅंक असे नाव पडले. इजिप्तने किनाऱ्यालगत असलेल्या एका चिंचोळ्या भूभागाचा कब्जा घेतला ज्याला गाझा स्ट्रीप असे नाव पडले.

युद्धाच्या दरम्यान आणि युद्धानंतर तत्कालिन पंतप्रधान डेव्हीड बेन-गुरीयननी कायदा व सुव्यवस्था आणण्यासाठी पालमाच (Palmach) खालसा केले व इरगुन, लेही यासारख्या भूमिगत संस्था बरखास्त केल्या. स्विडीश डीप्लोमॅट फोल्क बेर्नॅडोटच्या (Folke Bernadotte) हत्येनंतर ह्या संघटनांना दहशतवादी संघटनांच्या यादीत टाकण्यात आले.

ह्या पॅलेस्टीनियन एक्सोडसच्या दरम्यान बऱ्याच अरब लोकांनी ज्यू राष्ट्रामधून पलायन केले. ह्या घटनेला बऱ्याच पॅलेस्टीनी संघटनांनी व लोकांनी नक्बा (अरबीमध्ये النكبة) असे संबोधले ज्याचा अर्थ "आपत्ती" अथवा "सर्वनाश" होतो. बऱ्याच इतिहासकारांनी असे सुचवले आहे की पॅलेस्टीनी लोक अरब नेत्यांच्या आदेशाप्रमाणे पळाले. बऱ्याच पॅलेस्टीनींना असे वाटले की ह्या युद्धा अरब सैन्याचा विजय होईल आणि त्यांना परतण्याची संधी मिळेल.^[7] शिवाय इस्रायलने आपल्या — इस्रायलच्या स्थापनेचे घोषणापत्रामध्ये — इस्रायलमधील सर्व अरब लोकांना इस्त्रायलचे पूर्ण आणि समान नागरीकत्व व योग्य ते प्रतिनिधित्व देण्याचा प्रस्ताव ठेवला पण अनेकांनी तो झिडकारला.

निर्वासित लोकसंख्येचा आकडा सुमारे ६,००,००० ते ९,००,००० दरम्यान होता. संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघाच्या अधिकृत माहितीनुसार हा आकडा ७,११,००० इतका होता.^[8] इस्रायल आणि अरब राष्ट्रांमधील सततच्या तंट्यांमुळे मोठ्या प्रमाणावर लोकांचे स्थलांतर झाले जो प्रश्न अजूनही सुटू शकलेला नाही.

नाझींच्या छळापासून वाचलेल्या ज्यूंमुळे आणि अरबी भूमीतून येण्यारया ज्यू निर्वासितांच्या लोंढ्यामुळे स्वातंत्र्य मिळाल्यावर एका वर्षाच्या आतच इस्त्रायलची लोकसंख्या दुप्पट झाली. त्यानंतरच्या वर्षांमध्ये साधारण ८,५०,००० सेफार्दी आणि मिराझी ज्यू अभोवतालच्या अरब प्रांतांमधून व इराणमधून हाकलले गेले अथवा पळून आले. त्यापैकी साधारण ६,००,००० इस्रायलमध्ये स्थायिक झाले तर उरलेले युरोप व अमेरीकेत गेले. पहा: अरब प्रांतातून ज्यूंची हाकालपट्टी

[संपादन] १९५० आणि १९६०ची दशके

इ.स. १९५४ आणि १९५५ च्या दरम्यान, मोश शॅरेट पंतप्रधान असताना, लॅवनकांडाने (ज्यात इजिप्तमधील काही स्थळे बॉम्बस्फोटाने उडविण्याचा असफल प्रयत्न झाला) इस्रायलमध्ये राजकीय नाचक्की झाली. ह्यातच भरीस भर म्हणजे १९५६ साली इंग्लंड आणि फ्रांसच्या हल्ल्यांना न जुमानता इजिप्तने सुवेझ कालव्याचे राष्ट्रीयीकरण केले. ह्या घटनेनंतर आणि फिदायीन हल्ल्यांच्या मालिकेनंतर इस्रायलने वरील दोन युरोपीय शक्तींबरोबर गुप्त लष्करी संधान बांधले आणि इजिप्तबरोबर युद्धाची घोषणा केली. सुवेझच्या पेचप्रसंगानंतर, ह्या त्रिकुटाला बरीच आंतरराष्ट्रीय टीका आणि मानहानी सहन करावी लागली आणि इस्रायलला सिनाई भूशिरातून आपले सैन्य मागे घ्यावे लागले.

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येथपर्यंत भाषांतर झालेले आहे

translation done until here

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In 1955, Ben-Gurion once again became prime minister and served as such until his final resignation in 1963. After Ben-Gurion's resignation, Levi Eshkol was appointed to the post.

In 1961, the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, who had been largely responsible for the Final Solution, the planned extermination of the Jews of Europe, was captured in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and brought to trial in Israel. Eichmann became the only person ever sentenced to death by the Israeli courts.

On the political field, tensions once again arose between Israel and her neighbors in May 1967. Syria, Jordan, and Egypt had been hinting at war, and Egypt expelled UN Peacekeeping Forces from the Gaza Strip. When Egypt closed the strategic Straits of Tiran to Israeli vessels, Israel deemed it a casus belli for pre-emptively attacking Egypt on June 5. After the ensuing Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the Jewish State emerged triumphant. Israel had defeated the armies of three large Arab states and decimated their air forces. Territorially, Israel conquered the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights. The Green Line of 1949 became the administrative boundary between Israel and her Occupied Territories, also called Disputed Territories. However, Israel has spread its administrative domain to East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. The Sinai was later returned to Egypt following the signing of a peace treaty.

In 1967 Israeli aircraft attacked the USS Liberty, killing 34 American servicemen. American and Israeli investigations into the incident concluded that the attack was a tragic accident involving confusion over the identity of the Liberty.

In 1969 Golda Meir, Israel's first and to date only female prime minister was elected.

हे सुद्धा पहा: Positions on Jerusalem, Jerusalem Law, Golan Heights, and Israeli-occupied territories

[संपादन] 1970s

Between 1968 and 1972, a period known as the War of Attrition, numerous scuffles erupted along the border between Israel and Syria and Egypt. Furthermore, in the early-1970s, palestinian groups embarked on an unprecedented wave of attacks against Israel and Jewish targets in other countries. The climax of this wave occurred at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, when, in the Munich massacre, Palestinian terrorists held hostage and killed members of the Israeli delegation. Israel responded with Operation Wrath of God, in which agents of Mossad assassinated most of those who were involved in the massacre.

Finally, on October 6 1973, on the Jewish fast day of Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israel. However, despite early successes against an unprepared Israeli army, Egypt and Syria failed to accomplish their goal of regaining the territories lost in 1967. Yet after the war, a number of years of relative calm ensued, which fostered the environment in which Israel and Egypt could make peace.

In 1974, Yitzhak Rabin, with Meir's resignation, became Israel's fifth prime minister. Then, in the 1977 Knesset elections, the Ma'arach, the ruling party since 1948, created a storm by leaving the government. The new Likud party, led by Menachem Begin, became the new ruling party.

Then, in November of that year, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, making a historic visit to the Jewish State, spoke before the Knesset — the first recognition of Israel by its Arab neighbors. Following the visit, the two nations conducted negotiations which led to the signing of the Camp David Accords. In March 1979, Begin and Sadat signed the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty in Washington, DC. As laid out in the treaty, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and evacuated the settlements established there during the 1970s. It was also agreed to lend autonomy to Palestinians across the Green Line.

हे सुद्धा पहा: War of Attrition, Munich Massacre, Yom Kippur War, Anwar Sadat, and Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty

[संपादन] 1980s

On July 7 1981, the Israeli Air Force bombed the Iraqi nuclear reactor at Osiraq in an attempt to foil Iraqi efforts at producing an atomic bomb.

In 1982, Israel launched an attack against Lebanon, which had been embroiled in the Lebanese Civil War since 1975. The official reason for the attack was to defend Israel's northernmost settlements from terrorist attacks, which had been occurring frequently. However, after establishing a forty-kilometer barrier zone, the IDF continued northward and even captured the capital, Beirut. Israeli forces expelled Palestinian Liberation Organization forces from the country, forcing the organization to relocate to Tunis. Unable to deal with the stress of the ongoing war, Prime Minister Begin resigned from his post in 1983 and was replaced by Yitzhak Shamir. Though Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, a buffer zone was maintained until May 2000 when Israel unilaterally withdrew from Lebanon.

The rest of the 1980s were spent constantly shifting from the right, led by Yitzhak Shamir, to the left under Shimon Peres. Peres, for example, was prime minister from 1984, but handed the position over to Shamir in 1986. The First Intifadah then broke out in 1987 and was accompanied by waves of violence in the Occupied Territories. Following the outbreak, Shamir once again was elected prime minister, in 1988.

हे सुद्धा पहा: 1982 Lebanon War, Lebanese Civil War, and PLO

[संपादन] 1990s

During the Gulf War, Israel was hit by a number of Iraqi Scud missiles, which killed two Israeli citizens, even though Israel was not a member of the coalition and was not involved in the fighting.

The early 1990s were marked by the beginning of a massive immigration of Soviet Jews, who, according to the Law of Return, were entitled to become Israeli citizens upon arrival. About 380,000 arrived in 1990-91 alone. Although initially favouring the right, the new immigrants became the target of an aggressive election campaign by Labor, which blamed their employment and housing problems on the ruling Likud. As a result, in the 1992 elections the immigrants voted en masse for Labor, letting the left achieve a 61-59 majority in the 1992 Knesset elections.

Following the elections, Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister, forming a left-wing government coalition. During the election campaign his Labor party promised Israelis a significant improvement in personal security and achievement of a comprehensive peace with the Arabs "within six to nine months" after the elections. By the end of 1993 the government abandoned the framework of Madrid and signed the Oslo Accords with the PLO. In 1994, Jordan became the second of Israel's neighbours to make peace with it.

The initial wide public support for the Oslo Accords began to wane as Israel was struck by an unprecedented wave of attacks supported by the militant Hamas group, which opposed the accords. Public support slipped even further. On November 4, 1995, a Jewish nationalist militant named Yigal Amir assassinated Rabin.

Public dismay with the assassination created a backlash against Oslo opponents and significantly boosted the chances of Shimon Peres, Rabin's successor and Oslo architect, to win the upcoming 1996 elections. However, a new wave of suicide bombings combined with Arafat's statements extolling the Muslim nationalist militant Yahya Ayyash, made the public mood swing once again and in May 1996 Peres narrowly lost to his challenger from Likud, Benjamin Netanyahu.

Although seen as a hard-liner opposing the Oslo Accords, Netanyahu withdrew from Hebron and signed the Wye River Memorandum giving wider control to the Palestinian National Authority. During Netanyahu's tenure, Israel experienced a lull in attacks against Israel's civilian population by Palestinian groups, but his government fell in 1999. Labor's Ehud Barak beat Netanyahu by a wide margin in the 1999 elections and succeeded him as prime minister.

[संपादन] 2000s

Template:Current-section Barak initiated a unilateral withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. This process was intended to frustrate Hezbollah attacks on Israel by forcing them to cross Israel's border. Barak and Yassir Arafat once again conducted negotiations with President Clinton at the July 2000 Camp David summit. However, the talks failed. Barak offered to form a Palestinian State initially on 73% of the West Bank and 100% of the Gaza Strip. In ten to 25 years, the West Bank area would expand to 90% (94% excluding greater Jerusalem). [2] [3]

After the collapse of the talks, Palestinians began a second uprising, known as the Al-Aqsa Intifadah, just after the leader of the opposition Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The failure of the talks and the outbreak of a new war caused many Israelis on both the right and the left to turn away from Barak, and also discredited the peace movement.

Ariel Sharon became the new prime minister in March 2001 and consequently was re-elected, along with his Likud party in the Knesset elections of 2003. Sharon initiated a plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip. This disengagement was executed between August and September 2005.

Israel also is building a West Bank Barrier to defend the country from attacks by Palestinian armed groups. The barrier, which is planned to measure 681 kilometers, meanders past the Green Line and effectively annexes 9.5% of the West Bank.^[9] The barrier has been met with some criticism from the international community and numerous protest demonstrations by the Israeli left.

After Ariel Sharon suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke, the powers of the office were passed to Ehud Olmert, who was designated the "Acting" Prime Minister. On April 14, 2006, Olmert was elected Prime Minister after his party, Kadima, Hebrew for "forward," won the most seats in the 2006 legislative elections.

On June 28, 2006, Hamas militiants dug a tunnel under the border from the Gaza Strip and attacked an IDF post, capturing an Israeli soldier and killing two others. In response, Israel began Operation Summer Rains, which consisted of heavy bombardment of Hamas targets as well as bridges, roads, and the only power station in Gaza. Israel has also deployed troops into the territory. Israel’s critics have accused it of disproportionate use of force and collective punishment of innocent civilians and not giving diplomacy a chance. Israel argues that they have no other option to get their soldier back and put an end to the rocket attacks into Israel.

[संपादन] Israel-Lebanon conflict of 2006

Template:Current-section

मुख्य पान: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict refers to the military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel, primarily between Hezbollah and Israel, which started on 12 July 2006. A ceasefire came into effect at 05:00 UTC, 14 August 2006.

The conflict began with a cross-border Hezbollah raid and shelling, which resulted in the capture of two and killing of three Israeli soldiers. Israel held the Lebanese government responsible for the attack, as it was carried out from Lebanese territory, and initiated an air and naval blockade, airstrikes across much of the country, and ground incursions into southern Lebanon. Hezbollah continuously launched rocket attacks into northern Israel and engaged the Israeli Army on the ground with hit-and-run guerrilla attacks.

[संपादन] Geography

मुख्य पान: Geography of Israel

Israel is bordered by Lebanon in the north, Syria and Jordan in the east, and Egypt in the south-west. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean in the west and the Gulf of Eilat (also known as the Gulf of Aqaba) in the south.

During the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured the West Bank from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Golan Heights from Syria, Gaza Strip (which was under Egyptian occupation), and Sinai from Egypt. It withdrew all troops and settlers from Sinai by 1982 and from the Gaza Strip by September 12 2005. The future status of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights remains to be determined.

The total area of the sovereign territory of Israel — excluding all territories captured by Israel in 1967 — is 20,770 km² or 8,019 mi²; (1% water). The total area under Israeli law — including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights — is 22,145 km² or 8,550 mi²; with a little less than one per cent being water. The total area under Israeli control — including the military-controlled and Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank — is 28,023 km² or 10,820 mi² (~1% water).

[संपादन] Metropolitan areas

हे सुद्धा पहा: Districts of Israel and List of cities in Israel

As of 2004, The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics defines three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv (population 2.5 million), Haifa (population 980,600) and Jerusalem (population 706,368).

[संपादन] Government

Template:Morepolitics Israel is a democratic republic with universal suffrage that operates under the parliamentary system.

[संपादन] Legislature

Israel's unicameral legislative branch is a 120-member parliament known as the Knesset. Membership in the Knesset is allocated to parties based on their proportion of the vote, via a proportional representation voting system. Elections to the Knesset are normally held every four years, but the Knesset can decide to dissolve itself ahead of time by a simple majority, known as a vote of no-confidence. Twelve parties currently hold seats.

हे सुद्धा पहा: List of political parties in Israel

[संपादन] Executive

The President of Israel is Head of State, serving as a largely ceremonial figurehead. The President selects the leader of the majority party or ruling coalition in the Knesset as the Prime Minister, who serves as head of government.^[10]

[संपादन] Constitution and legal system

Israel has not completed a written constitution. Its government functions according to the laws of the Knesset, especially the "Basic Laws of Israel" (currently there are 14). These are slated to become the foundation of a future official constitution. In mid-2003, the Knesset's Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee began drafting an official constitution. The effort is still underway as of early 2006. ^[11]

Israel's legal system mixes influences from Anglo-American, Continental and Jewish law, as well as the declaration of the State of Israel.

As in Anglo-American law, the Israeli legal system is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent). It is an adversarial system, not an inquisitorial one, in the sense that the parties (for example, plaintiff and defendant) are the ones that bring the evidence before the court. The court does not conduct any independent investigation on the case.

As in Continental legal systems, the jury system was not adopted in Israel. Court cases are decided by professional judges. Additional Continental Law influences can be found in the fact that several major Israeli statutes (such as the Contract Law) are based on Civil Law principles. Israeli statute body is not comprised of Codes, but of individual statutes. However, a Civil Code draft has been completed recently, and is planned to become a bill.

Religious tribunals (Jewish, Sharia'a, Druze and Christian) have exclusive jurisdiction on annulment of marriages.

[संपादन] Judiciary

Israel's Judiciary branch is made of a three-tier system of courts. At the lowest level are Magistrate Courts, situated in most cities. Above them are District Courts, serving both as appellate courts and as courts of first instance, situated in five cities: Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Be'er Sheva and Nazareth.

At the top of the judicial pyramid is the Supreme Court of Israel seated in Jerusalem. The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Aharon Barak. The Supreme Court serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and as the body for a separate institution known as the High Court of Justice (HCOJ). The HCOJ has the unique responsibility of addressing petitions presented to the Court by individual citizens. The respondents to these petitions are usually governmental agencies (including the Israel Defense Forces). The result of such petitions, which are decided by the HCOJ, may be an instruction by the HCOJ to the relevant Governmental agency to act in a manner prescribed by the HCOJ.

A committee composed of Knesset members, Supreme Court Justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges. The Courts Law requires judges to retire at the age of seventy. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, with the approval of the Minister of Justice, appoints registrars to all courts.

Israel is not a member of the International Criminal Court as it fears it could lead to prosecution of Israeli settlers in the occupied territories.

[संपादन] Military

मुख्य पान: Israeli Security Forces

Israel's military consists of a unified Israel Defense Forces (IDF), known in Hebrew by the acronym Tzahal (צה"ל). Historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services. The Navy and Air Force are subordinate to the Army. There are other paramilitary agencies that deal with different aspects of Israel's security (such as Magav and Shin Bet). The IDF was based on paramilitary underground armies, chiefly Haganah.

The IDF is one of the best funded military forces in the Middle East and ranks among the most battle-trained armed forces in the world, having been involved in five major wars and numerous border conflicts. In terms of personnel, the IDF's main resource is the training quality of its soldiers and expert institutions, rather than sheer numbers of soldiers. It also relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems, some developed and manufactured in Israel for its specific needs, and others imported (largely from the United States).

Most Israelis (males and females) are drafted into the military at age 18. Exceptions are Israeli Arabs, those who cannot serve due to injury or disability, women who declare themselves married, or those who are religiously observant. Compulsory service is three years for men, and two years for women. Circassians and Bedouin also actively enlist in the IDF. Since 1956, Druze men have been conscripted in the same way as Jewish men, at the request of the Druze community. Men studying full-time in religious institutions can get a deferment from conscription. Most Haredi Jews extend these deferments until they are too old to be conscripted, a practice that has fueled much controversy in Israel.

Following compulsory service, Israeli men become part of the IDF reserve forces, and are usually required to serve several weeks every year as reservists until their 40s.

The International Atomic Energy Agency believes Israel to be a state possessing nuclear weapons. The government has never confirmed nor denied this assertion. Israel has not ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and is not a signatory to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC). Template:Seealso

[संपादन] Economy

Template:Sync

मुख्य पान: Economy of Israel

Israel has a technologically advanced market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports of fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas, and coal), grains, beef, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Israel is largely self-sufficient in food production except for grains and beef. Diamonds, high technology, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables and flowers) are leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable current account deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans (although some economists would say the deficit is a sign of Israel's advancing markets). Israel possesses extensive facilities for oil refining, diamond polishing, and semiconductor fabrication.

Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major source of economic and military aid. A relatively large fraction of Israel's external debt is held by individual investors, via the Israel Bonds program. The combination of American loan guarantees and direct sales to individual investors, allow the state to borrow at competitive and sometimes below-market rates.

The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR topped 750,000 during the period 1989–1999, bringing the population of Israel from the former Soviet Union to one million, one-sixth of the total population, and adding scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the economy's future. The influx, coupled with the opening of new markets at the end of the Cold War, energized Israel's economy, which grew rapidly in the early 1990s. But growth began slowing in 1996 when the government imposed tighter fiscal and monetary policies and the immigration bonus petered out. Those policies brought inflation down to record low levels in 1999.

High technology industries have taken a pre-eminent role in the economy, particularly in the last decade. Israel’s limited natural resources and strong emphasis on education have also played key roles in directing industry towards high technology fields. As a result of the country’s success in developing cutting edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences, Israel is frequently referred to as a second Silicon Valley. Israel (as of 2004) receives more venture capital investment than any country of Europe, and has the largest VC/GDP rate in the world, seven times that of the United States. Outside the U.S. and Canada, Israel has the largest number of NASDAQ listed companies.

Israel produces more scientific papers per capita than any other nation - 109 per 10,000 people.^[12] It also boasts one of the highest per capita rates of patents filed. Twenty-four percent of Israel's workforce holds university degrees - ranking third in the industrialized world, after the U.S. and Netherlands - and 12 percent hold advanced degrees.^[13]

Another leading industry is tourism, which benefits from the plethora of important historical sites for Judaism and Christianity and from Israel’s warm climate and access to water resources. The important diamond industry has been affected by changing industry conditions and shifts of certain industry activities to the Far East.

As Israel has liberalized its economy and reduced taxes and spending, the gap between the rich and poor has grown. As of 2005, 20.5% of Israeli families (and 34% of Israeli children) are living below the poverty line, though around 40% of those are lifted above the poverty line through transfer payments.Template:Fact

Israel's GDP per capita, as of 28 July, 2005, was $20,551.20 per person (42nd in the world). Israel's overall productivity was $54,510.40, and the amount of patents granted was 74/1,000,000 people.

As of May 2006 average monthly wages per employee were: 7,333 shekels or 1,655 USD. Percent of unemployed persons - first quarter 2006: 8.7%

[संपादन] Population

[संपादन] Demographics

Template:Main articles According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, as of May 2006, of Israel's 7 million people, 77% were Jews, 18.5% Arabs, and 4.3% "others".^[14] Among Jews, 68% were Sabras (Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are olim — 22% from Europe and the Americas, and 10% from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries. ^[15]

Israel has two official languages; Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the major and primary language of the state and is spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and by some members of the Mizrahi Jewish community. English is studied in school and is spoken by the majority of the population as a second language. Other languages spoken in Israel include Russian, Yiddish, Ladino, Amharic, Romanian, Polish, French, Persian, Dutch and German. American and European popular television shows are commonly presented. Newspapers can be found in all languages listed above as well as others.

As of 2004, 224,200 Israeli citizens lived in the West Bank in numerous Israeli settlements, (including towns such as Ma'ale Adummim and Ariel, and a handful of communities that were present long before the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and were re-established after the Six-Day War such as Hebron and Gush Etzion). Around 180,000 Israelis lived in East Jerusalem, ^[16] which came under Israeli law following its capture from Jordan during the Six-Day War. About 8,500 Israelis lived in settlements built in the Gaza Strip, prior to their forcible removal by the government in the summer of 2005 as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan.

[संपादन] Culture of Israel

मुख्य पान: Culture of Israel

Template:Sect-stub

Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Jerusalem are cultural centers, known for art museums, and many towns and kibbutzim have smaller high-quality museums. Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the Diaspora and more modern cultural importation: Hassidic songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially by Yemenite singers, and israeli hip hop or heavy metal. Folk dancing, which draws upon the cultural heritage of many immigrant groups, is popular. There is also flourishing modern dance. Template:Seealso

[संपादन] Religion in Israel

मुख्य पान: Religion in Israel

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2004, 76.2% of Israelis were Jews by religion (Judaism), 16.1% were Muslims, 2.1% Christian, 1.6% Druze and the remaining 3.9% (including mostly Russian immigrants and some ethnic Jews) were not classified by religion. ^[14]

Roughly 12% of Israeli Jews defined as haredim (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are "religious"; 35% consider themselves "traditionalists" (not strictly adhering to Jewish Halakha); and 43% are "secular" (termed "hiloni"). Among the seculars, 53% believe in God. However, 78% of all Israelis participate in a Passover seder. ^[17]

Israelis tend not to align themselves with a movement of Judaism (such as Reform Judaism or Conservative Judaism) but instead tend to define their religious affiliation by degree of their religious practice.

Among Arab Israelis, 82.6% were Muslim, 8.8% were Christian and 8.4% were Druze. ^[14] Template:Seealso

The Baha'i world centre, which includes the Universal House of Justice, in Haifa attracts pilgrimage from all over the world. ^[18] Apart from a few hundred staff, Baha'is do not live in Israel.

[संपादन] Human rights

मुख्य पान: Human rights in Israel

The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel proclaimed that the state "...will foster the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the prophets of Israel; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions; and it will be faithful to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations."^[19]

Various countries, international bodies, non-governmental organizations and individuals have evaluated Israel's human rights record, often in relation to the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

According to 2005 US Department of State report on Israel, "The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas..." ^[20]

In 2006, the Freedom House rated political rights in Israel as "1" (1 representing the most free and 7 the least free rating), civil liberties as "2" and gave it the freedom rating of "Free". Other areas, controlled by Israel through military occupation but not considered with the country's main territory were rated as "6", "5", and "Not Free." ^[21]

Within Israel, policies of its government are often subjected to criticism by its press (the only country ranked "Free" (28 on the scale 1-100) in the region in 2005 by Freedom House^[22]) as well as a vast variety of political, human rights and watchdog groups such as Association for Civil Rights in Israel, B'Tselem, Machsom Watch, Women in Black, Women for Israel's Tomorrow, among others. According to the Reporters Without Borders, "The Israeli media were once again in 2005 the only ones in the region that had genuine freedom to speak out."^[23]

[संपादन] Annotated list of Israeli media sources

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2 General references to the Israeli media:

• The Printed Media: Israel's Newspapers Summary from the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• List of Israeli newspapers

English-language periodicals:

• Azure [4] English edition of the quarterly journal offering essays and criticism on Israeli and Jewish public policy, culture and philosophy
• Globes [5] English-language website of Israel's business and technology daily
• Haaretz [6] Online English edition of the relatively highbrow Hebrew-language newspaper, Haaretz has a liberal editorial stance similar to that of The Guardian.
• IsraelInsider [7] - Independent, right wing outlet. Target audience is American Jewry.
• Jerusalem Newswire [8] Independent, right-wing Christian-run news outlet
• The Jerusalem Post [9] Israel's oldest English-language newspaper, considered to have a right-of-center editorial slant
• The Jerusalem Report [10] Left-of-center English weekly newspaper
• YNetNews [11] English-language website of Israel's largest newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth

Hebrew-language periodicals:

• Globes [12] business daily
• Haaretz [13] Relatively highbrow Israeli newspaper with a liberal editorial stance similar to that of The Guardian
• Hamodia Daily newspaper serving Israel's Haredi community. English editions are also published in the U.S. and the U.K. and serve local Jewish Orthodox communities in those countries. Hamodia is not available online.
• Hazofe [14] daily newspaper with a religious Zionist point of view
• Maariv [15] Second largest Israeli newspaper, centrist.
• Makor Rishon [16] highbrow conservative weekly newspaper, conceived as a right-wing alternative to Ha'aretz

Template:Col-2 Hebrew-language periodicals (continued):

• Tchelet [17] Hebrew edition of Azure, a quarterly journal covering Israeli public policy
• Yated Ne'eman Daily newspaper serving the Haredi community
• Yedioth Ahronoth [18] Israel's largest newspaper, centrist

German-language periodicals:

• Israel Nachrichten [19] The German-language daily from Tel Aviv for the 100,000 German-speaking Jews in Israel

Arabic-language periodicals:

• Al-Ittihad Arabic-language daily newspaper

Israeli broadcast media:

• Israel Broadcasting Authority, TV News in Hebrew, some English.
• JerusalemONLINE video news update from Israel in English by Channel 2 News.
• Radio Israel
• Arutz Sheva news site representing the settler community, right-wing religious (English)
• Kol Israel - Voice of Israel Also produced by the IBA. In Hebrew, French, English, Spanish, Ladino, Russian, Persian, Yiddish, etc.
• IsraCast - Independent, multimedia broadcast and distribution network that focuses on Israeli foreign affairs and defense issues (English)
• Israelisms Podcast [20] Weekly podcast about everyday life and politics in Israel (English)

Notable Internet sources:

• DailyAlert [21] daily digest of Israeli and world media reports on Israel and the Middle East prepared by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs for The Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
• IsraPundit[22]Pro-Israel news and views from right-wing perspective.
• Israel Habara Committee

Relevant non-Israeli media:

• Jewish Telegraphic Agency [23], New York-based news agency covering worldwide Jewish news, centrist (English)

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[संपादन] टीपणे

[संपादन] See also

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

• List of Israelis
• Cities in Israel
• Communications in Israel
• Transportation in Israel
• Israel Defense Forces
• Foreign relations of Israel
• Israeli-occupied territories

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• Israel and the United Nations
• Terrorism against Israel
• List of universities in Israel
• Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
• Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
• Music of Israel
• Mechanical biological treatment - Israeli leading area of innovation in waste technology

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• Israel-United States relations
• List of the UN resolutions concerning Israel
• Israeli passport

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[संपादन] External links

Template:Sisterlinks Template:Portal

• Template:Wikitravel

[संपादन] General information

• The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• BBC News Country Profile - Israel and Palestinian Territories
• Jewish Virtual Library Israel articles including information on history, economics, and military issues. (From the American-Israel Cooperative Enterprise, an Israel-advocacy group)
• CIA World Factbook - Israel
• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Israel - Country Page
• US State Department - Israel includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
• Columbia University Libraries - Israel directory category of the WWW-VL
• Israel Lexicon, ynet news includes definitions of people, events and terms related to Israel
• Open Directory Project - Israel directory category
• SABRAnet - Where Israel comes alive on the Internet
• Yahoo! - Israel directory category
• Israel at War - Ynetnews

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[संपादन] Government

• Government Portal of Israel
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel
• The President of the state of Israel
• Prime Minister's Office
• Bureau of Statistics
• Israel Defence Force site
• Israel Security Fence Project
• isayeret.com - The Israeli Special Forces Database
• Religion and State in Israel: a Discussion a three-way discussion between Anat Hoffman (executive director, Israel Religious Action Center), Professor Steven Mazie (author of Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State) and Rabbi Avi Shafran (director of public affairs, Agudath Israel of America)

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[संपादन] The Knesset (parliament)

• The Knesset (Parliament)

[संपादन] Legislation and the legal system

• The Courts
• Basic Laws, legal code of Israel
• Israeli Commercial, Banking, Tort and Insurance Laws - in English
• "You Say You Want a Constitution", New York Times Op-Ed piece by Professor Steven V. Mazie
• "Changing Israel's Marriage Law" Jewish Week Opinion piece by Professor Steven V. Mazie

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[संपादन] History

Please see main article History of Israel

• Resources > Modern Period > 20th Cent. > History of Israel > State of Israel The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• The birth of Israel from the BBC
• Israel Museum, Jerusalem
• Historical documents from the Israeli Ministry of Public Affairs
• Authentic historical Recordings - UN Partition Vote of 1947, Arab Rejection, "First" Hatikva, David Ben-Gurion - On Independence, Arab Countdown to Six Day War, Moshe Dayan - Six Day War, Gen. Ariel Sharon - "Move forward!", Nasser's Infamous Phonecall, Gen. Yitzhak Rabin - Six Day War, Abba Eban's "Stalingrad" Speech

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[संपादन] Economy, science, and technology

• Standard and Poor's Israel Economic Information
• DUNS 100, the hundred largest companies in Israel
• Israel Science and Technology Homepage
• Translation of Israeli Laws to English
• IsraCast: Science and Technology News From Israel - Updated Weekly (English)
• 100 Top Israeli LecturersSenior Media comentators, journalists, novelists, politicians and other Lecturers from Israel
• DC Finance -Israel's Leading Sponsor's Relations Enterprise

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[संपादन] Foreign relations and the current conflicts

For links on the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, see Arab-Israeli Conflict: External Links

• Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Israel21c: A focus beyond the conflict
• India-Israeli Relations: The Imperatives for Enhanced Strategic Cooperation
• Le Monde diplomatique report on EU-Israeli relations
• European Union's relations with Israel
• US-Israeli Relations from the Jewish Virtual Library.
• Primary Source Documents for Israeli-Palestinian Conflict History
• Israel Two Front War Current events of Israel's wars

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[संपादन] Society

• Israel Women's Network
• Gay Middle East - Israel section
• For Homosexual Palestinians, Israel Is Their Best Shot at Safety
• Israeli Arabs and Israeli Society, discussion with Ori Nir, correspondent for Haaretz and the Forward.
• Freedom of Religion in Israeli Society and Politics by Prof. Shimon Shetreet, former minister of Religious Affairs.
• Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam the Oasis of Peace, an experimental Arab-Jewish cooperative village.
• Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism, Reform Judaism in Israel
• The Guardian - Worlds apart

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[संपादन] Photos

• Israel capital - Jerusalem. Portal of Jerusalem Photos

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[संपादन] Historical recordings

• A cry from the bunkers - Dramatic and authentic recordings by IDF soldier Avi Yaffe from inside the IDF position, under attack at the outbreak of the Yom Kippur war.

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Template:Southwest Asia Template:Middle East Template:Mediterranean Template:AsiaTemplate:Link FA