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硒半胱胺酸 - Wikipedia

硒半胱胺酸

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Image:03wiki-zn-frontpage-icon.gif硒半胱胺酸正在翻译。欢迎您积极翻译与修订
硒半胱胺酸
Image:Selenocysteine.png
IUPAC中文命名 2-胺基-3-氢硒基丙酸
三字母简写 Sec
单字母简写 U
分子式 C3H7NO2Se
摩尔质量 g/mol
熔点
沸点
密度 ×103 kg/m3
pKa1 (-COOH)
pKa2 (-SeH)
pKa3 (-NH3+)
pI
蛋白质中出现几率 %
Δc HmO kJ/mol
Δf HmO kJ/mol
CAS号 ???
SMILES SeCC(N)C(=O)O
若非注明,所有数据都依從国际单位制,以及来自标准状况的条件。

硒半胱胺酸是一種胺基酸,存在於少數一些中,如穀胱甘肽過氧化酶、甲狀腺素5'-脫碘酶、硫氧還蛋白還原酶、甲酸脫氫酶、甘胺酸還原酶和一些氫化酶等。硒半胱胺酸的結構和半胱胺酸類似,只是其中的原子被取代。包含硒半胱胺酸殘基的蛋白都稱爲硒蛋白。

遺傳密碼中,硒半胱胺酸的編碼是UGA(即乳白密碼子),通常用作終止密碼子。但如果在mRNA中有一個硒半胱胺酸插入序列(SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence, SECIS),UGA就用作硒半胱胺酸的編碼。SECIS序列是由特定的核苷酸序列和鹼基配對形成的二級結構決定的。在真細菌中,SECIS直接跟在UGA密碼子之後,和UGA在同一個閲讀框裏。而在古細菌真核生物中,SECIS在mRNA的3'-不翻譯區域(3'-UTR)中,可以引導多個UGA密碼子編碼硒半胱胺酸殘基。當細胞生長缺乏硒時,硒蛋白的翻譯會在UGA密碼子處中止,成爲不完整而沒有功能的蛋白。

和細胞中的其它胺基酸一樣,硒半胱氨酸也有個特異的tRNA。這個tRNASec,和其它標準的tRNA相比有一些不同之處,最明顯的是具有一個包含8個鹼基(細菌)或9個鹼基(真核生物)的接收莖(stem),一個長的可變臂,以及幾個高度保守鹼基的替換。tRNASec起初由絲胺酸-tRNA連接酶加載一個絲胺酸,但這個Ser-tRNASec並不能用於翻譯,因爲它不能被通常的翻譯因子識別(細菌中的EF-Tu,真核生物中的eEF-1α)。而這個絲胺酰可以被一個含有磷酸吡哆醛的硒半胱胺酸合成酶替換成硒半胱胺酰。最後,這個Sec-tRNASec特異性地和另外一個翻譯延伸因子SelB或者mSelB結合,被輸送到正在翻譯硒蛋白mRNA的核糖體上。

The specificity of this delivery mechanism is brought about by the presence of an extra protein domain (in bacterial SelB) or an extra subunit (SBP-2 for eukaryotic mSelB) which bind to the corresponding RNA secondary structures formed by the SecIS elements in selenoprotein mRNAs. The SecIS elements of bacterial selenoproteins (as far as analysed) are located within the coding sequences immediately following the UGA codons for selenocysteine, those of Eukarya and Archaea are located in the 3' untranslated regions of the respective mRNAs. In addition, at least one case has been described for an archaeal selenoprotein mRNA containing its SecIS in the 5'-untranslated region.



編碼氨基酸
脂肪族: 纈氨酸 Val V | 異亮氨酸 Ile I | 亮氨酸 Leu L | 蛋氨酸 Met M | 丙氨酸 Ala A | 脯氨酸 Pro P | 甘氨酸 Gly G
芳香族: 苯丙氨酸 Phe F | 酪氨酸 Tyr Y | 色氨酸 Trp W | 組氨酸 His H | 吡咯賴氨酸 Pyl
極性,不帶電: 天冬酰胺 Asn N | 穀氨酰胺 Gln Q | 絲氨酸 Ser S | 蘇氨酸 Thr T
帶正電(pKa): 賴氨酸 Lys K (≈10.8) | 精氨酸 Arg R (≈12.5) | 組氨酸 His H (≈6.1)
帶負電(pKa): 天冬氨酸 Asp D (≈3.9) | 穀氨酸 Glu E (≈4.1) | 半胱氨酸 Cys C (≈8.3) | 酪氨酸 Tyr Y (≈10.1) | 硒半胱氨酸 Sec U
必需氨基酸 | 蛋白質 | | 遺傳密碼 Primary structure→
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