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中子 - Wikipedia

中子

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中子
分類

合成粒子

(中子亦屬於核子。)

歷史
符號: n
發現時間: 1930年
發現者: -{zh-cn:詹姆斯·查德威克;zh-tw:詹姆斯·乍得威克}-(英国
基本性質
質量 940 MeV/C2
電荷 0
自旋 1/2
受作用力: 引力弱核力強核力
半衰期 原子核中穏定
在核外約為 10.24分鐘

中子是一种电中性的粒子,具有与质子大约相同的质量。中子属于重子类,由两个下夸克和一个上夸克构成。 绝大多数的原子核都由中子和质子组成(仅有一种原子的同位素例外,它由一个质子构成)。在原子核外,中子性质不稳定,半衰期为15分钟。中子衰变时释放一个电子和一个反中微子而成为质子。同样的衰变过程在一些原子核中也存在。原子核中的中子和质子可以通过吸收和释放π介子互相转换。中子是由剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室的英国物理学家-{zh-cn:詹姆斯·查德威克;zh-tw:詹姆斯·乍得威克}-于1932年发现的。

中子和其它常見的次原子粒子最大的分別在於本身不帶電荷。但其實只是因為下夸克和上夸克的電荷互相抵消。 這分別使得它在較後期才被發現,令它穿透性強,無法直接進行觀察,也令它在核轉變中成為非常重要的媒介物。

雖然组成物质的原子在正常情況下不帶電荷,但原子比中子大一萬倍,是由帶負電的電子圍繞帶正電的原子核運行而形成的複雜系統。帶電粒子(如質子,電子,或α粒子)和電磁波(如伽瑪射線)都會在穿透物質時消耗能量,形式是將所穿透物質離子化。帶電粒子會因此而慢下來,電磁波则會被所穿透物質吸收。中子的情況截然不同,它只會在與原子核近距離接觸時受强相互作用弱相互作用影嚮:結果一個自由中子在與原子核直接碰撞前不受任何外力影嚮。因為原子核太小,碰撞機會極少,因此自由中子會在一段極長的距離保持不變。

自由中子和原子核的碰撞是彈性碰撞,其遵循和巨觀下兩小球彈性碰撞時的動量法則。當被碰撞的原子核很重時,原子核只會有很小的速度;但是,若是碰撞的對象是和中子質量差不多質子,則質子和中子會以幾乎相同的速度飛出。這類的碰撞將會因為製造出的離子而被偵測到。

中子的電中性讓它不僅很難偵測,也很難被控制。電中性使得我們無法以電磁場來加速、減速或是束縛中子。自由中子僅對磁場有很微弱的作用(因為中子存在磁矩)。真正能有效控制中子的只有核作用力。我們唯一能控制自由中子運動的方式只是放置原子核堆在它們的運動路徑上,讓中子和原子核碰撞藉以吸收之。這種以中子撞擊原子核的反應在核反應中扮演重要角色,也是核子武器運作的原理。Free neutron beams are obtained from neutron sources by neutron transport.

[编辑] 發現

1930 年Walther Bothe 和H. 貝克爾在德國發現如果來自釙的高能量天然α粒子落在鈹、硼或鋰這些較輕的元素,便會有一種滲透力異常地高的輻射產生。起初這輻射被認為是伽馬射線,並且實驗性結果細節非常難解釋根據這個依據。在1932 年在巴黎由Irène Joliot-Curie 和Frédéric Joliot報告。他們表示,這未知的輻射被含有非常多氫核的石蠟或其他氫包含的化合物減慢。這不是本質上不一致與新輻射的被承擔的伽馬射線本質,但是對資料的定量分析變得越來越難和難以這樣假說。(1932 以後) 物理學家-{zh-cn:詹姆斯·查德威克;zh-tw:詹姆斯·乍得威克}-在英國最後執行了一系列的實驗表示,伽馬射線假說是站不住腳的。他建議新輻射近似包括了氫核的大量電中性微粒,並且他執行了一系列的實驗核實他的建議。這種電中性微粒最終叫做中子。

In 1930 Walther Bothe and H. Becker in Germany found that if the very energetic natural alpha particles from polonium fell on certain of the light elements, specifically beryllium, boron, or lithium, an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. At first this radiation was thought to be gamma radiation although it was more penetrating than any gamma rays known, and the details of experimental results were very difficult to interpret on this basis. The next important contribution was reported in 1932 by Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot in Paris. They showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin or any other hydrogen-containing compound it ejected protons of very high energy. This was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gamma ray nature of the new radiation, but detailed quantitative analysis of the data became increasingly difficult to reconcile with such an hypothesis. Finally (later in 1932) the physicist James Chadwick in England performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable. He suggested that in fact the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles of approximately the mass of the proton, and he performed a series of experiments verifying his suggestion. Such uncharged particles were eventually called neutrons, apparently from the Latin root for neutral and the Greek ending -on (by imitation of electron and proton).

[编辑] 現今發展

四個中子穩定的核的存在, 或tetraneutrons, 由Francisco-Miguel Marqués 帶領的研究隊在CNRS 實驗室為核物理進行鈹14 核的衰變的觀察。這是特別有趣, 因為當前的理論建議這些核不應該是穩定的, 並且因此不存在。



The existence of stable clusters of four neutrons, or tetraneutrons, has been hypothesised by a team led by Francisco-Miguel Marqués at the CNRS Laboratory for Nuclear Physics based on observations of the disintegration of beryllium-14 nuclei. This is particularly interesting, because current theory suggests that these clusters should not be stable, and therefore not exist.

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